在过去的30年中看出大多数主要的发展问题,并且机会是Jeffrey Sachs一直处于厚厚的行动。The Columbia University economist crafted a plan that enabled Bolivia to end hyperinflation in 1985, preached “shock therapy” to governments in Poland and Russia in the early ‘90s to hasten their transition from communism to capitalism, and has pioneered efforts in the past decade to help African countries meet the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals for ending extreme poverty.
现在,萨克斯希望将他的运动与一个新的水平 - 担任世界银行总统。本月早些时候,58岁的经济学家单手单独宣布他的候选人被罗伯特·Zoelleck腾出的职位。他说这是一个真正的发展专家 - 不是另一个人或政治家,他们需要几个月来加快问题 - 劳动大多边贷方。
“我的生活的工作是消除贫困,”萨克斯告诉亚博赞助欧冠。
美国政治控制 - 华盛顿队已为全部11名总统命名,自第二次世界大战后创建的机构 - 扭曲了其优先事项并限制了其有效性,萨克斯竞争。他说,该银行倾向于倾向于倾向于偏袒美国盟友,并专注于为美国和西方商业利益提供资金的大型基础设施项目。可能对世界上最贫困人民的生活产生巨大影响的项目,例如支持非洲的生育者或打击艾滋病和疟疾的传播,通常会缩短辐射。
What’s needed, Sachs argues, is to refocus the Bank’s activities on meeting the Millennium Development Goals, a UN initiative whose targets include halving the number of people living on less than $1 a day, reducing maternal mortality rates by three quarters, and making primary education universal everywhere in the world. “They are the way the world has agreed to fight extreme poverty,” he says. “Some very powerful things can be done if there’s enough scale and focus.”
该银行还需要更加的催化剂和比财大气粗的贷款人发展知识的字体,萨克斯说。Zoelleck和前任总统要在20世纪90年代回詹姆斯·沃尔芬森也讲了类似的游戏,但需要有一个转变是比以前更大了。The Bank’s net disbursements of $8 billion in the fiscal year ending June 30, 2011, paled in comparison with the $910 billion in private capital flows in calendar 2011. And that’s after Zoelleck’s big successes of winning an $86 billion capital increase, the first in 20 years, and completing a record $49.3 billion replenishment of resources at the International Development Association, the Bank arm that makes concessional loans and grants to the poorest countries.
“银行的力量归功于动员行动和刺激新方法的能力,”萨克斯说。“我认为这就是银行的焦点需要的地方。”
萨克斯做出了一个强大的案例,但他会说服奥巴马政府,他需要的支持吗?这似乎是一个很长的镜头。
Opposition to the U.S.-European duopoly over the Bretton Woods institutions — the U.S. has appointed all Bank presidents while Europe has named all heads of the International Monetary Fund — has intensified in recent years as the BRICS and other emerging markets countries demand a bigger say in the running of the global economy. So far, though, no emerging market candidate has come forward publicly. The experience last year of Agustín Carstens, the Mexican central bank governor who campaigned for the top job at the IMF only to be steamrollered by the European bandwagon for France’s Christine Lagarde, could make potential candidates “more cautious of stepping in,” says Rogerio Studart, Brazil’s executive director at the Bank. Officials say most emerging markets countries are holding back to see if the U.S., which has promised to put forward a candidate by the March 23 deadline, will nominate a heavyweight.
奥巴马政府已经飘来了一些名字在最近几天,包括微软创始人比尔·盖茨,百事公司董事长兼首席执行官卢英德,美国驻联合国大使,苏珊·赖斯,甚至参议员约翰·克里,但他们都不容易。(克里说,他不感兴趣。)这是从一开始就酝酿的一个名字 - 前财政部长和奥巴马经济顾问拉里·萨默斯-could是一个严重的候选人。他担任首席经济学家。银行在90年代初。但萨默斯有搅拌争议情有独钟。他的言论表明,女性的资质或许可以解释他们的代表性不足的科学贡献,以他的离去为哈佛大学校长。“他有太多的包袱,”埃德温·杜鲁门,在国际经济的华盛顿彼得森研究所的资深研究员如是说。
该过程的美国为中心的性质罢工多达不合时宜。“It is outrageous to effectively exclude people from developing countries from being the heads of the World Bank and IMF when they constitute 6 billion out of the 7 billion people of the world, contribute the majority of growth and are home to most of the world’s poor people,” says Nicholas Stern, economist at the London School of Economics and Political Science and a former World Bank chief economist. “It is time that the developed world lived up to their pious declarations of the importance of openness, showed sincerity, and backed open competition and good governance.”
高盛是希望在政治选择过程将致力于自己的优势。与众不同的是,他正在发动一场公众活动的工作,开始他在华盛顿邮报的专栏文章候选人,促进在一个专门的网站,jeffsachs.org他的想法。“我觉得来解释自己这是有用的,”他说。“我不喜欢做的事情的幕后方式。”
他声称他的发展经验和联系人将吸引世界各地的重要支持。实际上,来自乔丹,马来西亚,纳米比亚,帝汶队的高级官员已经批准了他。事实上,他的美国人不应该伤害。他声称与行政官员发言,但没有官方鼓励或沮丧。
“有没有人谁更关心这些问题的世界,”杜鲁门说。但高盛的独立性 - 他经常批评美国的小气和高度军事化的援助计划的短视 - 让他不太可能会赢得华盛顿的支持。“政府希望别人谁是他们自己的人,”他说。
然而,无论输赢,萨克斯的活动很可能是利好银行。他提高对机构的战略和角色,以及他的候选人资格穿的管理更多的压力,使质量提名的严重问题。如果华盛顿提出与发展经验的候选人,以多边主义和外交和管理技巧的承诺,“大家会觉得舒服这样的情况,”巴西的Studart说。