Security Figures Prominently at Paris Climate Conference

Traveling to the French capital for the 2014 Paris Climate Conference, known as COP21, wasn’t a bold choice on November 12, but by the following evening, the City of Light was no longer shining brightly. At least three ISIS terrorists had sprayed bullets inside the Bataclan theater, where concertgoers were hearing the Palm Desert, California–based rock band Eagles of Death Metal. Elsewhere in the 11th arrondissement, and in the 10th arrondissement, their fellow killers completed their night of merciless savagery — with 130 dead, and dozens more left in critical condition at area hospitals.

缔约方的第21届会议United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changeformally kicks off in Le Bourget, near Paris, today and runs through December 11. Nearly 50,000 people, including 25,000 official delegates — as well as dignitaries such as U.S. President Barack Obama and French President François Hollande — will mix among the likes of Virgin Group co-founder Richard Branson and heads of industry from around the globe.

今年的缔约方会议在过去的污染者这样的令人失望的令人失望的结果之外，预计在帮助达成国际协议以保持足够低于停止的温室气体排放的情况下至关重要the earth’s temperature rise at 2 degrees Celsius(3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) over the next 85 years.

但由于恐怖袭击，随后的安全飙升，与会者被迫重新评估他们的计划。公开示威 - 以前的气候会议的亮点 - 已被取消。巴黎有超过11,000名警察和士兵（士兵），包括6,300名被专门分配的，因为近150个国家和政府参观负责人来实施额外的安全性。

本文联系的大多数人 - 包括来自石油公司，航空公司和环境非营利组织的人 - 不能或不会讨论其在会议或在会议上讨论其安全计划。大多数人甚至不会说明他们的安全预算是否有所增加。没有人声称已经雇用了一个保镖，也许是因为这是更良好的脚跟或高调的人的秘密观点。

Ariane Sims, who manages outreach to environmental experts for Santa Monica, California–basedPlanet Experts, a web site that publishes a collection of environmentally focused articles and blogs, did talk to亚博赞助欧冠但是，但是。

“在攻击之后，成为了一个问题的问题，”她说，在过去的周五肯定这个星期五的工作人员仍在参加。“除了U.N.谈判外，还有许多副事件与调动安排的气候条约]，例如大规模三月。很多事情都被取消或缩小了。“

The shuttering of the marches has widely affected attendees’ plans. For example,350.org是一个共同创立的国际气候变化活动集团author and environmentalist Bill McKibben，即将到Paris，但它是许多必须重新配置计划的组织之一，因为在那里的COP21之前和之后的COP21之前的游行已经报告了。

然而，全世界，公民正在进行。从澳大利亚和菲律宾到墨西哥和美国，行星友好的群众正在展示他们对覆盖碳排放的热情。在纽约周日，在市政厅有一个三月，而在12月12日的游行者将收敛于“旗下”的波士顿乔布斯，正义和气候。“

In Paris, even as数百名抗议者周日出现在Place delaRépubbriqueto fight the ban on outdoor public demonstrations, events like an art installation at the foot of the Eiffel Tower by aerial artist John Q are potentially being canceled. Butindoor events在打包时间表期间，迄今为止，虽然具有大大提高了安全性。

Moti Shabtai, the president of Paramus, New Jersey–headquarteredQognify（以前是物理安全业务单位以色列的良好系统), says it takes multiple lines of defense in order to ward off terrorism. His firm helps secure the Eiffel Tower, as it has for nearly two decades, with little closed-circuit television cameras all over the monument and its surroundings.

Just as he’s not at liberty to disclose how many cameras are on the Eiffel Tower, Shabtai can’t say whether or not Qognify’s presence will be felt at COP21. He does offer that, when it comes to big events in the world, such as the past World Cup, “Generally, we are involved.”

Whether or not climate conferencegoers will be secure depends as much on technology as on people. Even the most sophisticated surveillance equipment, like the video cameras that Qognify employs, has limitations and is best used in tandem with additional security measures, such as motion and metal detectors. “Humans are limited in the ability to see so many things 24/7 and to detect [them],” Shabtai says.

Aaron Cohen,an American who fought with the Israel Defense Forces during the 1990sand now owns a tactical clothing firm,Cherries Covert Ops Apparel，并提供在线反击培训，可能会同意，但他不太关注巴黎的其他事件。“官员和宪兵的数字是足够的会议，但[COP21]不一定是针对性的，因为它是一种柔软的目标，”他解释道。“[恐怖分子]不要追求受到保护的事件。”

Still, Cohen says that Westerners, including the French, are generally behind the curve when it comes to dealing with terrorists. His experience as an Israeli soldier informed this view: “There’s still a manhunt under way in Europe, which shows how easy it is to disappear back into the crowd.”

由于游行被百日度，警方的存在升高 - 包括便衣官员和锋利的人，Cohen相信 - 参加COP21的日常个人正在经历一系列麻烦。

Annie Agle, a consulting organizer for the conference as well as a project consultant with the New York–based nonprofitDevelopment Three，将成为一个副事件的小组成员，称为“加强对抗性对话和对性别平等和气候变化的伙伴关系”。

“We have seen very little in terms of negotiations or side events [being shuttered],” Agle says. “That being said, visa applications for us — we have two team members [needing] Schengen visas the EU requires — have been more difficult [to obtain].”

从印度有troubl Agle引用了一位同事e getting his visa, saying some of her people were being interviewed more intently because of the attacks. “It seems like the Defense Ministry is doing much more homework than before,” she says.