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ASEAN Seeks Its Place on The Global Commerce Map
An Institutional Investor Sponsored Report on the ASEAN Region
东盟经济共同体于2015年底推出,已成为全球贸易和投资阶段的主要参与者。但首先它必须解决一些严峻的挑战。
By Ben Davies
克里斯·瑞安有哈d a tough time selling ASEAN at global investment forums. Until recently, the Hong Kong-based managing director of Asia Pacific for MSCI has been shocked by the lack of investor awareness about a market comprised of 10 countries in one of the fastest-growing regions of the world.
如今,东盟的故事是更为着名的,但瑞安是第一个承认有很长的路要走,因为它获得了认可,它应该成为一个主要的全球贸易集团。
在东盟经济共同体(AEC)正式启动前少于18个月,信息流程逐渐增加。至少在纸上,AEC的潜力是巨大的。新的区域集团将代表一个综合人口超过6亿美元的市场,总GDP近25万亿美元。据麦肯锡和公司进行的研究,更好的是,它将拥有世界上最年轻,增长最快的中产阶级之一。
去年,外国直接投资五大东盟经济(印度尼西亚,马来西亚,菲律宾,新加坡和泰国),达到了1280亿美元的历史记录。该数字远远高于中国收到的1170亿美元。“东盟和大湄公河郊区的最大风险不是在那里,”一般电动泰国的首席财务官Jirapun Pongpanite说。
在近七年前在新加坡举行的第13届东盟首脑会议采用,AEC的愿景深远:通过删除投资障碍,包括免费运动,服务,投资,熟练劳动力的自由流动,实现更接近的经济一体化首都的交换流程。全部成员国是文莱达鲁萨兰,柬埔寨,印度尼西亚,老挝,马来西亚,缅甸,菲律宾,新加坡,泰国和越南。
根据东盟秘书Le Luong Minh,大约80%的国家在东盟经济共同体总体计划方面均已实施。其中包括ASEAN的经济一体化法律框架的修改以及贸易和投资的全面协议。尽管如此,他承认,仍然有足够的工作来消除所有关税,并确保金融服务部门和资本账户的全面自由化。
Taking the First Step
Kamalkant Agarwal, an advisor to the Executive Committee at Siam Commercial Bank, believes that the official launch of the AEC is simply a first step in a long process. “It is important to have a milestone so people can work towards it,” he says. “This is a long journey, but there is no turning back.”
好消息是,虽然东盟可能已经缓慢移动,但它已经取得了多于梦想的许多评论家。2001年至2013年,东盟的联合区域GDP从5.6亿美元增加到2.4万亿美元。在区域经济增长方面只会将其置于中国。亚洲开发银行估计,东盟中产阶级的份额将于2010年的24%上升到2030年的65%。
经济迅速扩张已经帮助将该地区的极端贫困水平从2000年的13%降低到今天仅为4%。即使是东盟最偏远的部分,也可能继续潮流。
泰国银行州长的Prasarn Trairatvorakul将成为东盟的光明未来,因为该地区在全球经济中追求更接近的融合,特别是中国和印度。额外的动力可能来自缅甸,柬埔寨,老挝和越南等相对较低的东盟国家之间的快速经济增长,统称为大湄公河次区域(GMS)。
“东盟经济共同体将是将GMS与亚太地区主要市场联系起来的重要网关,”他说。
东盟也面临着巨大的挑战,从普遍的腐败和贫困金融部门的治理范围,基础设施不足和财富的差异不足。在一个题为“东盟 - 前进的方向”的论文中,新加坡李宽旺公共政府公共政策学院的院长吉尔玛布巴尼认为,该地区最近的成就面临着显着的结构弱点。“东盟国家在迎接自己的截止日期时有一个混合的记录,”他写道。“一个危险是,他们将满足于执行其规定的改革目标的70%,宣布政治胜利,并放弃30%。”
另一个危险是该地区的政治紧张局势。泰国最近的军事政变,十年的第二次,再次占东盟的民主和人权。与此同时,与中国的竞争增加提高了南海对领土控制和潜在海上石油权利的严重对抗的可能性。风险是潜在的投资者可能不愿意面对普遍的不确定因素。
然而,在某些方面,东盟已经证明了它的恢复力。1997年金融危机之后进行的经济改革确保该地区大幅免疫从我们追溯到终止量化宽松的许多其他新兴市场遭受的动荡。虽然土耳其和阿根廷等国家受到大资本外流和弱化货币的影响,但菲律宾,印度尼西亚和马来西亚享有大量的金融稳定。
Part of the reason is that government debt levels in the region, while rising fast, are well below those of many other emerging and developed countries. According to the IMF, the government debt to GDP ratio for the five largest ASEAN economies was 37 percent in 2013. That compares with 93 percent in the United Kingdom and 108 percent in the US.
穆迪在7月份发布的报告表明,过去几年中,家庭债务在东盟上涨,在马来西亚和泰国达成了一切历时的高水平。但该地区继续发布固体增长率。经合组织预测东盟将在未来五年内平均增长5.4%。在增长最快的国家中,是柬埔寨,老挝和缅甸,以及菲律宾和印度尼西亚。相比之下,由于政治动荡和延迟其多年基础设施计划,2014年泰国的GDP预计将增长1.5%和2.5%。
当全球投资者来了
一些经济学家认为整个东盟地区将受益于全球投资者的涌入。潜力是相当大的。七个东盟交易所的市场资本化约为2万亿美元,上市公司3,600多家公司。其中一些公司在世界上最大,最具活力的公司中排名,包括金融和银行业,能源,电信,商品,汽车制造和其他工业部门的领导者。
Hugh Young, managing director of Aberdeen Asset Management, continues to see value in ASEAN. Although he believes that stocks are no longer cheap, he expects regional growth to be supported by a number of factors. “The region is home to a population of 600 million, and growth prospects are underpinned by favourable demographics, a growing middle class and increased urbanization,” he says. “As labor costs in China become more expensive, ASEAN is also looking increasingly attractive as a low-cost manufacturing hub.” n
一颗冉冉升起的新星
Focus on the Philippines
东盟经济中的脱颖表演者是菲律宾。一旦被视为区域落后田园,出口不断增长的经济上涨7.2%,消费支出和更高的制造业产出增加了7.2%。今年,经济可能会缓慢到静止持续的6.4%。在很大程度上,这反映了Typhoon Haiyan的影响,最致命的菲律宾台风在记录中。去年11月,巨大的风暴袭击了全国的广阔地区,杀死了6000多人。对今年不利影响经济的其他因素包括较慢的政府支出和收紧货币政策。
Despite the challenging environment, most economists remain upbeat—with GDP forecasts predicting a 6.7 percent expansion in 2015. “This projected growth remains one of the fastest in the East Asia region, second only to China among the major economies,” says World Bank country director Motoo Konishi. Inflation is under control at less than 5 percent. Meanwhile the country has managed to lower its debt-to-GDP ratio to 49.2 percent in 2013 from 71 percent in 2004. As a result, the government has been able to double social services spending over the past four years.
政治稳定推动增长
One of the major factors in the Philippines’ turnaround has been renewed political stability. Since the election of Benigno Aquino as president in 2010, the country has undergone widespread reforms ranging from a clampdown on corruption to the closing of tax loopholes and a reduction in the yawning fiscal deficit.
也许更重要的是,阿基诺已经消除了许多官僚和法律障碍,使菲律宾过去为外国投资者提供了不太有吸引力的地方。另一个欢迎的发展是加速国内改革导致高水平的贫困减少,长期困扰着该国。2013年,生活在贫困线以下的人数下降至24.9%,下年下降到27.9%。
政府还促进了在新道路,桥梁,港口和机场的支出。如果该国希望在公共投资不足之下,该国希望将该国与其东盟邻居的差距结束差距,则该项目将被视为至关重要。Deutsche Bank的经济学家Diana Del-Rosario指出,在2014年第一季度,实际的公共建设将同比增长22%。Metro Manila的道路项目以及今年年初开始建设的Skyway Stage项目的道路项目推动了增长。
除了政府资助的资本支出外,Del-Rosario认为,该国将从私营部门作为公私伙伴关系(PPP)计划获得势头的贡献。迄今为止,已授予PPP计划下的七个项目,以成功的投标人授予包括Mactan-Cebu国际机场客运总站和地铁马尼拉的自动票价收集系统项目。七个其他大票PPP项目可能会在今年内获得。
“我们没有看到最近的投资扩张接收,这是短暂的,”Del-Rosario说。“有指标在未来两年内支持未来的宿舍和政府优先政策的私营部门投资活动,至少在未来两年内为国内投资的持续电梯。”
信用评级升级
Credit rating agencies have responded to the improvements with a string of upgrades that promise to increase foreign confidence in the Philippines. In May, Standard & Poor’s raised the Philippines’ sovereign credit rating from BBB- to BBB, two notches above investment grade. S&P praises widespread reforms “to address shortcomings in structural, administrative, institutional, and governance areas.” Furthermore, the rating agency believes that improvements in government revenue generation, spending efficiency and levels of public debt are likely to continue even after the current administration has left office. His term ends in June 2016, but there is some speculation that Aquino might seek a change in the country’s constitution that would allow him to run for re-election.
Some Problems Persist
虽然菲律宾在加强其经济方面取得了相当大的进展,但促进了对外国投资者的呼吁,但该国仍然需要新的就业机会,并改善健康和教育,以提高劳动力生产力和菲律宾工人的竞争力。
The World Bank estimates that the country will need to spend an additional 5 percent of GDP on health and education to increase labor productivity and competitiveness of Filipino workers. “Going forward, the Philippines can sustain high growth by accelerating structural reforms and increasing investments in infrastructure and in the health and education of the Filipino people,” said Karl Kendrick Chua, World Bank senior country economist for the Philippines.
政府面临的另一个主要挑战是提高税收收集,同时确保该国的税制更加公平。在过去三年中,政府已成功提高税收收入,相当于GDP的1.2%。增加的主要原因是由于烟草和酒精税,以及改善的税收管理。但是,大多数经济学家都同意,如果该国扩大税基并改进仍然以效率低下和腐败的系统,则需要进一步的税收和行政改革。
For their part, investors who bought into the Philippine stock market when Aquino took office have had a giddy run. Since June 2010, the market has almost doubled.Yet some analysts worry that Philippine equities are no longer cheap. The MSCI Philippines is currently trading on a forward PER of 18.4x against a long-term average of 14.5x. While a correction may not be imminent, any further upside is likely to depend on the government’s ability to maintain its reform momentum during the upcoming electoral season—which is already getting underway.