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ETF的颠倒和下降指数波动
VIX-based ETFs and related products take advantage of the equity market’s ups and downs. But their apparent transaction cost savings could be illusory.
飙升的股市波动created demand for a new breed of exchange-traded funds and notes. Those notes have lowered transaction costs but may be building a premium for underlying assets, according to Henry Chien, an analyst with financial researcher The TABB Group.
The equity market endured one of its most volatile years ever in 2011. Twenty components of the S&P 500 fell 20 percent or more, compared with 11 in 2010 and 15 in 2009, according to Bloomberg data. Overall, stock price changes were twice the five-decade average. The great irony is that those movements did not seem to lead anywhere. The S&P 500 was essentially flat for the year, slipping 0.04 percent to 1,257.60 — the first zero percent annual performance in 60 years.
然而对于某些交易者来说,波动性本身就是这个故事。复杂的对冲基金和个人投资者将资金倒入了一个相对较新的衍生品,专门旨在利用近年来享有股票市场的野生价格波动。对于那些交易者来说,对个人公司的重点是侧重于指数和资产课程所取代,在日常地缘政治活动,美国财政前景和欧洲债务危机等宏观新闻,情绪驱动。
Those volatility traders have poured money into a new class of exchange-traded funds and notes linked to the CBOE’s Market Volatility index, or VIX. Also called the Fear index, the VIX measures investor expectations for the volatility of the S&P 500 over the next 30 days. Since 2006, the market for exchange traded products linked to the VIX has logged a five-year compound annual growth rate of 131 percent, according to Chien. The daily notional value of those products — which includes VIX options, futures, exchange-traded funds and exchange-traded notes — is now $4.1 billion, up from $52 million in 2006, according to Chien. The exchange-traded products including ETFs and ETNs account for $1.18 billion of that total, up from $492 million in 2010 and $55 million in 2009.
与其他ETF一样,VIX产品是在交易所上市的资金,可以在整天股票中交易。而不是持有个人股票 - 这是许多ETF的努力 - VIX ETF拥有与VIX指数相关联的期权和期货。Vix etns拥有与这些指数相关的债务。
自巴克莱以来,VIX相关产品已脱离,自2009年1月介绍了与该指数相关的第一款交易所交易产品。IPATH标准普尔500点VIX短期期货ETN(VXX)旨在跟踪标准普尔500点VIX短期期货指数。它是市场上最大的产品,截至2011年底,管理资产7.3亿美元。
这些产品的吸引力与其他ETF和ETNS的吸引力类似:降低成本和易用性。“通过交易所交易的产品获得对波动性的更容易获得波动,而且它更便宜,”据说说。替代方法将是一个复杂的对冲战略,涉及vix选项的几个方面,例如他们的波动性,他们的潜在资产价格,他们的潜在资产,他们的到期和利率来说。这些替代方案的交易成本远远高于购买结合所有这些元素的仪器。
该市场的增长也建立了套利机会。考皮说,寻求利用波动性的贸易商可以在VIX市场上购买相对便宜的曝光,并在更广泛的选择和期货市场中出售曝光。
然而,ETF的增长提出了关于他们对市场的影响的问题。一些批评者表示,ETF正在推动波动性并塑造其潜在资产的价值,而不是仅仅是反映它们。参议院听证会提出了这些问题,是美国和欧洲监管机构审查的主题。Chien表示,其中一些动态可能在波动市场上工作。最近研究了波动性基金和笔记的影响的顾问说,没有证据表明该产品对更广泛的金融市场产生了不利影响。但他确实说他们可能对与波动交易本身有关的市场较窄的市场产生影响。“VIX ETPS可能会影响产品旨在跟踪产品的价格,”他说。
具体而言,VIX ETPS可能会增加Contango,这是期货市场商品价格高于现货市场的价格时发生的条件。ETPS仅在短时间内举行。否则,它们会失去价值。这意味着在期货市场中下个月汇入了更高水平的合同。“净效应是您为前向合同支付溢价,因为有如此多的需求。据•郑先生说,它在第一个月对第二个前瞻性月份和向下压力的向上压力。““在实践中,ETPS可能陡峭的Vix期货曲线的Contango。”
该研究表明,ETFS和ETNS - 同时降低交易成本并提高投资者的灵活性 - 可能会在市场其他地方强加隐藏的成本。