通过所有账户,传统的养老金正在葡萄藤上死亡。普通汽车公司,IBM公司和Verizon等大公司已将其计划关闭了新员工,并在高档债券中投入了其计划资产,以确保现有受益者的可靠收入流。根据咨询公司麦肯锡公司麦肯锡公司麦肯锡公司委员会退休计划,公司定义福利计划中的所有资产中的一半根据政府预算仰卧起坐的压力和纳税人随着负债而不断变化的不安。麦肯锡项目总规定的益处资产在未来五年内仅增加1%。这一切都是坏消息 - 为工人,养老金计划的负责人,而不是他们的外部资产经理,他们在保守债券投资组合中获得远远低于他们的管理股票和其他更高风险,更高的回报投资的费用。
然而,在所有这些衰退迹象中,资产管理公司正争相进入固定收益业务。对Vanepheaton公司和Vanepheaton公司来说,这是相对新的机会。包括富达投资(Fidelity Investments)在内的其他公司也在加倍长期努力。兴奋点是什么?他们都发现,传统养老金计划的困境有一个出人意料的好处:即使企业冻结资产,将更多的投资组合投入到ultrasafe固定收益证券集合中,他们也在将其他资产转移到风险更高的投资中,如对冲基金和私人股本。与债券不同,这些另类投资对资产管理公司来说利润丰厚。对资金管理行业来说,从这些拨款中分得一杯羹是近年来最大的机遇之一。
“是的,定义的福利计划正在纪录率冻结,但仍有相当多的资金来管理,”富威森投资服务集团总裁Mark Anson表示,芝加哥资产经理的机构臂。“在偿还责任流之前,这将是很长一段时间。有充足的机会为金钱经理提供帮助资产业主掌握负债,并开发更多的alpha-生成,更高风险的投资。“
资产管理公司希望,固定收益计划的新授权将有助于他们发展另类投资业务,专门从事对冲基金、短期共同基金、定制投资组合和国际基金等越来越受欢迎的产品。这一机会可能是巨大的:根据雇员福利资产投资委员会(committeeonfestmentofemployeebenefitassets)的数据,自2001年以来,养老金计划每年都增加了对替代方案的集体分配,这是一组大型固定福利计划。麦肯锡估计,到2012年,在2.3万亿美元的企业固定收益市场中,至少有1万亿美元将投资于全新的产品。
Catering to defined benefit plans gives retail-focused firms a cost-efficient way to diversify into a more stable business. The mutual fund industry is growing more competitive, scale-intensive and subject to pricing pressure and volatility of assets as individual investors chase performance and hot styles. Pension plans and other institutions, on the other hand, tend to hold investments through choppy markets and shifting style trends.
高盛(Goldman,Sachs&Co.)全球投资策略部门(global investment strategies unit)的董事总经理库尔特•温克尔曼(Kurt Winkelmann)表示:“对基金经理来说,拥有一本多元化的业务手册非常重要。”。“在这种情况下,DB计划代表了可观的授权、粘性资产和有吸引力的客户。”
固定收益市场的变化并不是一个新现象,但最近这种变化势头强劲,因为一系列监管、会计和经济变化促使企业冻结或关闭其计划。自1980年以来,私营部门员工的传统养老金福利一直在稳步下降,当时企业开始青睐401(k)计划和其他固定缴款计划。在此期间,固定福利计划覆盖的全职员工人数减少了一半,约为2100万人。监管也在发挥作用。从今年开始,2006年的《养老金保护法》要求公司为其固定收益计划提供全额资金,并限制其平均资产和负债。因此,企业将不得不用现金出资来弥补资金短缺,这可能导致收益降低,波动性加大。2006年末,美国财务会计准则委员会(Financial Accounting Standards Board)开始要求上市公司在其资产负债表上报告养老金盈余和短缺,这一规定旨在改善股东信息披露,但也带来了新的收益波动。预计未来三年内,财务会计准则委员会将强制执行其养老金损益表上的进一步确认。所有这些因素,尤其是会计变更,都促使企业冻结计划,以便锁定牛市收益和盈余。
But these same changes are also causing plans to alter their approach to asset allocation in ways that create moneymaking opportunities for asset managers. Some are employing liability-driven investing strategies, which align outflows to retirees with income from bonds and other fixed-income instruments. In the U.K., where similar accounting changes have been mandated, the British Telecom Pension Scheme was one of many plans that shifted into fixed income to match the duration of assets more closely with liabilities that increased dramatically under the new accounting regime, says Anson, who joined Nuveen in September from Hermes Pensions Management, which handles the BT plan. At the same time, BT took a novel approach to investing surplus money that didn’t need to generate income, by shunning traditional stocks and bonds in favor of alternatives. Anson expects the same to happen in the U.S.
“我们必须为赤字提供资金,并改变资产配置,以解决融资困境,”他表示。“随着新会计法规的出台,本地设计院(LDI)的需求变得更加迫切。”
LDI forces pension funds to think about four broad categories of exposure, says Goldman’s Winkelmann: hedging interest rates, international investments, such “chronically mispriced” asset classes as small-cap stocks and emerging markets, and skill-based strategies, including hedge funds and private equity. “LDI gives you a framework to evaluate other investment opportunities,” he notes.
Consultants who advise plans on LDI generally target returns of 3 percentage points above liabilities, which usually hover around 4 to 5 percent of assets annually. One way to achieve that growth with a relatively small portion of a fund’s assets is to boost the allocation to global markets. Major plans are already moving in this direction. The California Public Employees’ Retirement System, for instance, is scaling back its investments in U.S. equity in favor of international and global. Consulting firm Callan Associates’ survey of U.S. pension funds showed an allocation of 47 percent to domestic equity and 18 percent to international equity as of June 30, but the international percentage is growing quickly. A number of consultants expect U.S. domestic equity to eventually slide down to about 25 percent, with international equity rising proportionately.
进入固定收益空间的企业在类型和策略上是多种多样的。大多数是以零售为导向的机构,它们寻求扩大相对较小的机构单位。因此,它们的收购期往往长于机构资产,因为它们对机构资产的觊觎。
许多人认为,他们只需要稍微调整现有的基础设施和战略,以吸引机构资产。例如,伊顿万斯(Eaton Vance)正在利用现有的投资组合经理来拓展其机构业务,目前机构业务约占其资产的4%,这是其从1500亿美元增长到5000亿美元的更大战略的一部分。其他公司则进行了收购,以增强自己的努力。Nuveen在4月份收购了股票管理公司HydePark Investment Strategies,该公司的Richards&Tierney咨询部门专门负责机构投资组合的构建,包括负债计量。Nuveen希望,拥有这样的内部能力将有助于为Anson的机构部门赢得更多的授权,该部门拥有Nuveen 1700亿美元总资产中的390亿美元,是其增长最快的业务。
一些大的经理马克定义的贡献et, which sprang up as an alternative to conventional plans, are going after defined benefit clients. Principal Financial Group, the biggest provider of 401(k) target-date funds, has added $18 billion of pension mandates since the middle of 2007 and views growing its institutional business as critical to achieving its goal of doubling assets, to $500 billion, within five years, says Patrick McNelis, head of institutional advisory services. Leading 401(k) manager Fidelity in 2005 created Pyramis Global Advisors to jump-start its lagging institutional business. Fidelity is investing $100 million in Pyramis, opening offices in London and Hong Kong and launching a range of long-short products. Vanguard Group, in keeping with its low-cost principles, is offering institutional index funds with expense ratios as low as 2.5 basis points. But it’s also pursuing the defined benefit business of 401(k) clients, pitching itself as a trusted adviser that can manage assets and provide day-to-day services like processing checks for beneficiaries. Vanguard recently upgraded its recordkeeping technology so defined contribution customers that also hire the firm for their conventional plans can view consolidated information on the portfolios.
“如果有人在直流方面拥有我们,我们有他们的信任和信心,”先锋机构资产管理负责人Jeffrey Molitor说。
使用记录保留和其他服务来撬动宽松管理要求可以有效。随着计划越来越多地采用更加复杂的投资,需要紧紧管理负债和资产负债车上风险,许多人将选择外包资产配置,记录保管甚至责任管理。
“There will be convergence between the roles of fiduciaries and managers,” says Carl Hess, Americas practice leader at consulting firm Watson Wyatt Worldwide. “Given what it’s going to take to manage a plan, sponsors are going to want to outsource many of the services to third parties.”
其他公司正在使用全球产品中的强大轨道记录来赢得LDI任务,希望此类收益促进其新生的替代投资单位。Oppenheimerfunds和MFS投资管理层正在利用非U.S的强大表现。股权共同资金进入新的全球裁定效益任务。退休部门首席Carol Geremia表示,MFS的机构业务在两年内增长了64%,主要是符合国际授权的实力,现在代表了该公司总资产的2.04亿美元的售价。9月份,波士顿的货币经理为See See See See See See See See Send Ade Fix Compent Manager创建了子公司。“你不能忽视替代商业的增长,”格雷米说。
Along with other firms in this camp, Vanguard has developed a long-duration portfolio and is touting it as an alternative to derivatives and other complex securities, particularly for smaller plans. Principal has been marketing non-U.S. and real estate portfolios.
计划还转向这些定制策略,作为拥有少数证券的集中投资组合,以及更多的基础设施和商品投资。OppeNheimerfunds的Chuck McKenzie,Openheimerfunds'Of Ifi If Instineal Diance表示,其商品战略 - 最初作为共同基金推出 - 在计划提案国中一直处于高需求。该公司定制机构的战略,以反映其投资指南或各种基准。OFI还推出了集中的“最佳想法”商品基金,以及旨在产生对冲基金的回报的长期股票基金。“我们正在加快杠杆率并赌注来帮助我们产生更多的阿尔法,”麦肯尼解释道。
不过,管理养老金计划的资金是复杂的,并不是每个公司都适用。为了获得新的业务,新贵们必须展开代价高昂的战斗,以便与竞争对手一较高下。而机构资产稳定、长期的性质,使得它们很难像理想的那样流动。此外,尽管大多数养老金计划都清楚地意识到,它们需要采用本地设计院(LDI)等新方法,但变革可能来得很慢。专家说,即使在这一点上,本地设计院更多的是谈论而不是实施。
久负盛名的机构管理者不会坐视零售公司的入侵。纽约怀特平原(White Plains)管理着12亿美元资产的机构公司Paradigm Asset Management Co.首席执行官詹姆斯•弗朗西斯(James Francis)表示,他正在通过调整自己所有的量化策略来捍卫自己的地盘,使其持有的股票更少,与主要股指的表现也更不协调。弗朗西斯说:“我们集中了阿尔法赌注,因为这正是我们的固定收益客户想要的。”。
麦肯锡合伙人大卫•亨特(davidhunt)表示:“这是一项外卖业务。那些做外卖的人可以建立客户基础,最终购买高利润的替代产品。另类投资显然是该行业的发展方向;它们利润丰厚的收费结构以及巨额回报的承诺太诱人了。