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可以修复金融吗?

Financial reform efforts are running into trouble in the U.S. and Europe.

由于全球金融系统于2008年9月崩溃的边缘,世界各地的政策制定者和监管机构以前所未有的速度和勇气作出反应。他们将数十亿美元的资本注入金融机构,并将价值十亿万亿美元的债务担保注入,有效宣布没有更多主要银行将失败。除了那些短期补救措施外,他们还承诺进行席卷监管改革,以收紧对金融机构的控制,并结束宽松信用,宽松的监督和扭曲的激励措施,许多人因导致动荡而受到指责。亚慱体育app怎么下载

“We need to prevent a crisis like this from ever happening again,” Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner said in unveiling the Obama administration’s reform proposals.

但是在雷曼兄弟的崩溃崩溃后一年,努力大修金融体系使它更安全,发声陷入严重的麻烦。Geithner的加强法规立法草案已经产生了国会成员,金融服务行业甚至几个监管机构的僵局反对,自6月份介绍。从草坪事件的争议范围 - 应由新机构监管零售产品,因为政府当局或现有机构(现有机构)- 关于原则的问题,例如提供美联储董事会及其最近的重新调整主席,Ben Bernanke,扩大为监督全身风险的权力以及最大的金融机构将集中在中央银行的太多权威,并妥协其进行货币的能力政策。

“I see all the big banks that failed. They were mostly regulated by the Fed,” says Senator Richard Shelby of Alabama, the ranking Republican on the Senate Banking Committee and a leading opponent of an expanded Fed role. “I think the Fed ultimately failed the American people.”

与此同时,许多银行的财富复苏,使得业界更加大胆地反对这些提议的关键内容,包括对大型银行大幅提高资本金收费的建议。奥巴马政府和欧盟官员认为,最大的银行应该比其他银行持有更多的资本,因为它们的失败在公共救助方面可能代价高昂。作为雅克·德拉洛西è前法国央行行长、国际货币基金组织(imf)前总裁雷伊(re)撰写了一份关于改革银行监管的欧盟报告,他说:“你越大,关系越密切,付出的代价就越大。”

但总部位于华盛顿的国际金融研究所,一个主要的全球银行的游说集团,警告称,在政策制定者正在寻求经济反弹的时候,筹集资本比率太高或太快的资本比率可能会扼杀银行贷款。“您最终可能会占GDP增长的几个百分点,”摩根委员会议会投资银行部门的共同首席执行官威廉·韦尔斯(IIF董事会成员)主席团威廉·韦尔斯断言。

In the U.K., industry opposition prompted the country’s Financial Services Authority to water down new rules on compensation last month. The FSA, like other regulators, argues that the promise of hefty cash bonuses encouraged bankers to make big bets in search of short-term profits in areas such as subprime mortgages without accounting for the risk that those positions could blow up. The authority’s new rules seek to tie pay more closely to risk and ban guaranteed bonuses of more than one year, but the FSA abandoned proposals floated earlier this year to require banks to defer two thirds of bonus payments and link them to company performance. The regulator said it was responding to industry complaints that tougher rules “could have adverse competitive implications for the U.K. as a financial center.”

To those who believe that banks’ ability to arbitrage among competing regulators contributed to the crisis, the FSA’s climb-down on pay was a worrying sign. “I was disappointed to see that they felt they needed to do that,” says Sheila Bair, chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (see article, "FDIC的Sheila Bair肯定了代理商的作用“)。With Goldman, Sachs & Co. announcing a jump in compensation expenses that could see the average employee’s pay more than double this year, to $773,000, and Citigroup seeking an exemption from federal pay guidelines so it can hand a $100 million bonus to commodities trader Andrew Hall, Bair warns that “we are getting back into some bad behaviors” and argues for principles-based rules to link pay to long-term performance and discourage excessive risk-taking.

许多改革倡导者受到他们认为作为变革的胃口胃口的令人沮丧的倡导者。Raghuram Rajan, a professor at the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business who issued prescient warnings about the risks of complex financial products while serving as chief economist of the IMF earlier this decade, says he is “very pessimistic” about the prospects for meaningful reform. He believes that the kind of capital increases officials are proposing fall well short of what’s needed. “The crisis was deep, but it seems to have abated enough for the pressure to think creatively to have worn off,” he notes.

William White表示,国际住区银行前首席经济学家,基于巴塞尔的组织,有助于协调全球改革努力,“拥有太大而无法失败的公司是不对的。”他的问题只是越来越大,他争夺了大师队的精英托架危机的出现,由高盛和摩根大学领导,以及各国政府不会让那些公司成为萧条的广泛假设。

“它现在比之前更糟糕,”白色断言。“我们在全球范围内拥有一些真正的占主导地位的公司。似乎没有政治意愿攻击这头脑。“

Government officials on both sides of the Atlantic insist they remain fully commited to a far-reaching regulatory revamp.

美国财政部副部长沃林(Neal Wolin)表示相信,国会将在今年年底前通过一项综合法案,纳入政府的主要建议,包括设立一个系统性风险委员会,以监测全系统而非银行特有的风险,收紧资本金要求,监管衍生品和制定新的消费者保护规则。

前克林顿政府法律顾问、哈特福德金融服务集团(hartfordfinancialservicesgroup)首席执行官沃林(Wolin)表示:“我们希望确保我们不会重操旧业。”。

在布鲁塞尔,欧洲委员会计划根据建立欧洲全身风险委员会的欧洲委员会签发立法提案,建立了卷绕失败的银行并增加了贷方资本要求的法律权威。“在这里仍然有一定的命令仍然存在,”一位高级欧盟官员说。

官员很清楚,尽快采取行动,而危机的严重程度是人民的思想和政治支持对基本变革的影响很强。“我们必须正确地进行改革,但我们不应该等待,”BIS总经理Avers Jaime Caruana。“现在有一个机会窗口,因为危机,我们应该利用这个窗口。”

美国和欧洲当局在危机爆发以来的密集合作,追求了相似的改革计划。金融稳定论坛,来自20世纪90年代末已形成的主要工业国家的一群顶级监管机构在亚洲金融危机之后,确定了改革议程,确定了最近灾难的主要原因,并在4月份提出了改变建议2008年:银行遭到过度透彻,需要更多的资本和更紧密的监督;赔偿应与长期绩效相关联,而不是短期利润;证券化的原始分配系统需要重大过修,以提高承保标准和透明度;信用评级机构应符合更高标准,并消除对咨询和评级结构化产品的利益冲突;而且该行业应规范过度计数器衍生物遏制风险。

At a meeting in London this past April, leaders of the Group of 20 nations adopted an action plan that promised to enact most of the FSF’s recommendations. The leaders also agreed to extend regulation to all systemically important financial institutions and markets, including hedge funds, and to overhaul regulatory systems to monitor macroprudential risks, or dangers to the entire financial system rather than to a single bank or brokerage firm. In addition, the G-20 expanded the FSF into the Financial Stability Board, with a mandate to coordinate global reform efforts and work with the IMF to provide early warnings of future crises (see article, "IMF享有新发现的尊重“)。

这些改革承诺与G-20合助合并为国际货币基金组织的贷款资源三倍,在约1万亿美元,在恢复对金融体系的信心,政策制定者和分析师同意时发挥了关键作用。“伦敦峰会出来的清晰信息是:'我们得到它。我们得到了挑战的严重性,我们将采取行动。事实上,我们会尽一切努力,“基金的第一个副总经理John Lipsky说。

A sharp rally in financial stocks in recent months, driven by a positive reaction to the U.S. Treasury’s stress tests of major banks and the early repayment of Federal bailout funds by institutions such as Goldman, JPMorgan and State Street Corp., has encouraged some analysts and investors to believe that the industry, and the economy, are well on the road to recovery. Regulators continue to urge caution, though. It took many years of low interest rates, soaring asset prices and investor underpricing of risk to trigger the credit crisis, and it will take a long time for deleveraging to run its course.

“任何人都认为危机已经结束的人不明白过去十年的发生了什么,”欧洲中央银行人士就匿名的条件说过。

Regulatory reform is a key part of the healing process. The Obama administration’s proposals, as well as similar measures unveiled by the U.K. government in July and ones due to be put forward by the EC this autumn, represent a decisive break from the free-market liberalization that had held sway in financial markets since the Reagan administration in the early 1980s. Advocates of reform say that’s precisely the point. The financial crisis “followed a period of 15 or 20 years of deregulatory cant where the investor was surely disadvantaged by the power and cohesiveness of business groups that persuaded Congress we were an overregulated society,” says former Securities and Exchange Commission chairman Arthur Levitt Jr.

制定改革永远不会容易。在金融体系中提高安全性和减少杠杆的需求符合公开冲突与政治愿望,看到银行增加贷款以刺激经济。监管机构及其立法大专以渴望保护其草皮,这是奥巴马政府拒绝巩固亚委和商品期货交易委员会的主要原因。 And notwithstanding its tarnished reputation, the financial services industry remains one of the most powerful, well-connected lobbying groups.

“大型银行对经济和商业有用,”德意志银行首席执行官Josef Ackermann在金融时报的最近一栏中写道。“随着我们在我们的追求中迈进,使全球金融系统不太容易发生危机,我们将很好地建议牢记这一点。”

这样的观点解释了为什么美国和欧洲的办公室做事ials early on discarded bolder reform ideas, such as the reimposition of Glass-Steagall barriers between commercial and investment banking or the forced breakup of institutions deemed too big to fail.

前美联储董事长和巴拉克·奥巴马总统的一位顾问Paul Volcker告诉最近在北京的IIF会议上聚集了银行家,由纳税人保护的存款资助的银行为“无意义”为“从事大量风险 - 容易投入专有的交易和投机活动,也可能提出几乎无法管理利益冲突的问题。“

同样,英格兰银行州长Mervyn King今年早些时候召开了公开辩论,就将银行的存款活动与“投资银行的赌场交易”分开了公开的辩论。But key policymakers, led by Geithner and head of the National Economic Council Lawrence Summers, who led the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act as top Treasury officials in the late ’90s, contend that big universal banks are too central to today’s financial system to be taken apart. “My ideal world would be the kind where banks take deposits and make loans,” says the FDIC’s Bair, “but the genie is out of the bottle.”

官员希望通过更严格的资本控制和更接近的监督,而不是强迫行业的结构变化,而不是强迫行业的结构变化,并希望通过更严格的资本控制和更接近的监督来限制过度的风险和避免未来的危机。Geithner的改革提案将把最严格的资本规则适用于所谓的Tier-1控股公司,或如此大的金融公司,如此大,所以相互关联,因为他们的失败会对金融体系的稳定构成威胁。此外,该计划将授予联邦储备扩大权力监督这些公司。

官员认为,新的要求将是昂贵的,并充当银行承担杠杆,高风险活动的强烈伪造,导致金融危机。“企业不会被指定为Tier-1控股公司,”财政部助理机构助理秘书Michael Barr说。

意图似乎很清楚,但许多行业观察者质疑监管机构是否会提供。大多数新的资本规则将不是由政府决定,而是由巴塞尔委员会监督,BIS姐妹组织。7月,委员会出版了修订的规则,提高了银行交易活动和资本资产负债表风险的资本要求,并奠定了银行监事指导方针,以根据银行的风险管理实践调整资本需求。

Supervisors will test the impact of the new rules over the next year and may amend them before they are implemented, by the end of 2010. Earlier this decade big banks took advantage of similar tests to lobby successfully for an easing of the Basel II capital standards, and they have begun taking aim at the new rules.

这些银行辩称,尽管个别资本紧缩举措的理由可能是合理的,但这种累积效应将过度提高对拥有广泛业务和大型交易业务的大型银行的要求。”影响是重大的,”摩根大通的温特斯说。他认为,证券化的新要求尤其繁重,一些银行可能面临高达100%的资产支持证券的债务抵押债券资本收费。他补充说,这些成本将有效地扼杀重振证券化市场的努力,决策者认为这对恢复消费者和企业的信贷至关重要。

巴塞尔委员会还考虑措施要求银行建立资本缓冲,这些资本缓冲商可以被筹备以弥补危机损失。目的是减少当前系统的性能,允许银行在繁荣时期的资金相对较少 - 从而推动信贷扩张 - 然后迫使他们在胸围急剧提高资本,只是当它最稀缺时大幅提高资本。

BIS的Caruana领导了西班牙银行实施此类系统,也称为动态拨款,当时他在本十年上半年的央行州长。许多监管机构通过全球危机相对不受影响,对西班牙的大银行进行信贷。但需要银行在任何损害发生之前预留贷款的储备将在面对市场标准的会计准则中飞行。

到目前为止,监管机构拒绝预测各种规则变化对整体资本水平的净影响,只是表示应在3至5年内逐步增加,以避免短期内贷款减少。”卡鲁阿纳说:“我们不应该做得过火。”我们应该找到正确的平衡。”

银行目前需要持有资本等于其风险加权资产的8%,其中一半必须是核心,或股权类型的资本。芝加哥大学的Rajan预测了一些百分点的妥协增加,提供了更大的安全范围,但仍将银行避免易受重大危机的尾部风险。“真正应对问题的资本水平对于拥有盈利产业来说太高了,”他解释道。

与建议的资本要求一样有争议的资本要求是政府的建议,使联邦储备负责监督全身风险和监督20多个主要机构,其失败可能引发更广泛的金融震动。有些人认为,由于过去的错误,美联储应该不考虑。参议员谢尔比批评了对花旗集团等陷入困境的银行等陷入困境的监督,以及在领导保险巨头美国国际集团救助方面的作用。参议院银行委员会主席康涅狄格州立斯坦特·克里斯托弗·多德(Chatchicut)告诉II,美联储在让次级抵押贷款行业失控的“深渊绩效”中。两位参议员都表示,他们倾向于向监管机构提供系统监督责任,包括仲裁员,FDIC,美联储和其他机构的成员。

拥有一个系统调节器是一件事。让监管机构有效地执行工作是另一个。到目前为止,它仍然尚不清楚任何监管机构是否达到任务。

官员勾勒出落后于所谓的宏观监督的广泛原则:专注于金融机构之间的联系,而不是在个人公司之间以及金融市场与经济之间。互连,而不是纯粹的大小,是关键。但它远非清楚任何人应该如何利用该概念扼杀芽的未来危机。监管机构未能发现AIG大量信贷违约次数的系统风险,直到为时已晚表明在任何评估监管机构的危机预防能力的评估中,承认了一个欧洲中央银行人。此外,美联储继续拒绝它应该努力抑制信贷的增长或阻止资产价格泡沫的发展,这是许多分析师认为促使危机的立场。

前国际货币基金组织首席拉斯齐耶斯承认了怀疑论,但捍卫了新的方法。“我无法证明巨大的监督系统将避免危机,”他解释道。“但我可以肯定的是,没有审慎的风险委员会和无牙警告,没有任何东西可以避免这种危机。”

对于更广泛的监管改革议程,可以说是相同的。投资者和纳税人最好希望政策制定者正在做出正确的选择。