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管理期货贸易商:创新工程师

系统宏观对冲基金管理人员正在证明其交易计划的权力。

LEDA Braga是一款非常规的小型拖车。当巴西出生的衍生工具专家于2001年加入了伦敦的对冲基金公司Bluecrest Capital Management时,她的第一阶商业序列是为了建立一个复杂方程图书馆,建议联合创始人Michael Platt和威廉Reeves进行定价他们想要交易的各种证券和产品。但是,在推出Bluecrest之前与J.P. Morgan杂志七年密切合作的Platt。凭借他的鼓励,她也开始了 - 设计和试验各种系统交易计划。

“我问迈克,”看,为什么你为什么不雇一个这样做的人?“”回忆起了43岁的布拉加,他有一个博士学位。在伦敦帝国学院的工程中,但在Bluecrest之前从未设计过贸易计划。“我来自投资银行,系统交易是一个高度特定的纪律。但他非常坚持,所以我开始研究它。“

在一年之内,布拉加为她认为最承诺的人提供了各种量化策略:趋势落后的管理期货计划。这是一个令人惊讶的选择,因为布拉加自己承认。毕竟,管理期货专家 - 又称商品交易顾问,或CTA - 长期以来一直被刻板被称为投机者,负责丰富的费用,使用过度的杠杆和产生巨大的波动。他们也被机构投资者在很大程度上避开了。亚博赞助欧冠然而,布拉加并没有被困扰该行业的可信度问题分散注意力。

“趋势之后没有看一切迷人,”她说。“但我认为这将是一个强大的策略,并且有很多能力。”

Today Braga manages about $7 billion in the BlueTrend Fund, a systematic-trend-following investment vehicle launched by BlueCrest five years ago. Capacity, however, wasn’t much of an issue in the early 1980s, when CTAs first gained a foothold. They were met with skepticism because they professed to be able to beat the markets using unfamiliar technical trading methods, searching for simple directional patterns such as price breakouts and trend reversals. With the explosion in computing power, however, managed-futures strategies began to attract the attention of highly skilled mathematicians and traders like David Harding, founder and managing director of London-based Winton Capital Management; Martin Lueck, co-founder and director of research at London-based Aspect Capital; and Kenneth Tropin, founder and chairman of Graham Capital Management. Drawn by the challenge of discovering ways to exploit price movements in the markets by designing complex proprietary trading algorithms, they threw themselves into their research — and a once-speculative trading style morphed into a scientific discipline.

在过去几年中,这种转变在致盲速度下加速了。远见了大多数投资者,他们专注于更受欢迎,更容易理解的策略,如长短股权,管理期货交易商已成为改变工程师,融合了新技术的学术研究。其中最成功的 - 包括布拉格,韦尔顿投资公司的Patrick Welton和量化投资管理的jaffray Woodriff - 在趋势之后提出了新的旋转。除了使用熟悉的长期模型外,该模型除了在投资之前牢固建立了价格举措,现在许多资金现在部署了能够从盘区价格移动的高频交易策略;图案识别模型,例如,可以取消从资产类别之间改变相关性的机会;甚至基本因素模型,旨在确定利率变化,通货膨胀和油价如何影响给定期货合约的价格变动。

然而,投资者对承认转变缓慢。This may have more to do with macroeconomics than with any lingering resistance: Throughout the 1990s, as the bull market in global equities raged, investors weren’t particularly interested in CTAs’ uncorrelated systematic global macro strategies precisely because they didn’t match the phenomenal returns of the broader markets. Even after the Internet bubble burst at the start of this decade, investors chiefly sought to mitigate the risk that equity markets might decline, a focus that fueled the popularity of long-short equity strategies. In recent years the flood of financing available to hedge funds, coupled with pension managers’ need to fund their long-term liabilities, helped spur the growth of a range of arbitrage strategies that seemed to offer the unbeatable combination of strong incremental returns and little or no apparent volatility — and CTAs were ignored yet again.

“我认为人们也常说,”它只是一个黑匣子。我真的没有得到它,“”格雷厄姆的辛林说,他公司在康涅狄格州罗亚顿的一个百年老石豪宅中运营。“”我真的不明白这些人如何赚钱或回报来源,所以我不会投资他们。“

这不是一个错误的投资者想要重复。在金融危机的后果中如此强大的是它使全球银行体系变得破坏,几乎将对冲基金行业陷入自由落体,投资者已经唤醒了多元化的价值。根据FAIRFIELD,基于IOWA的数据库提供商Barclay对冲的数据,根据2008年至2008年的三年,CTA策略投资的资产从1,306亿美元上升到超过2064亿美元;系统交易策略的资产现在占管理层的近70%的全球CTA资产。2008年,巴克莱CTA指数上涨14.09%。The Barclay Systematic Traders index did even better, rising by 18.16 percent — a remarkable achievement in a year that saw the Standard & Poor’s 500 index crater by 38.5 percent and the typical hedge fund fall by 19.03 percent, according to Chicago-based Hedge Fund Research. Some CTAs, like Braga’s BlueTrend, really shone: At the end of 2008, the fund was up a net 43.4 percent and had $7.83 billion in assets under management.

At New York–based Permal Group, a 30-year-old alternative-asset firm with $19 billion under management, global macro constitutes the largest single hedge fund strategy. Permal invests in both so-called systematic macro funds, which include CTAs and managed-futures firms running computer-driven, algorithmic trading programs, and discretionary macro funds, where trading decisions are the purview of an individual manager or an investment team.

“We like to use macro in all our multistrategy funds as a diversifier — and what we call a bear-market antidote,” says Omar Kodmani, London-based senior executive officer of Permal’s investment management services group, who is responsible for monitoring its international investment activities.

Permal已对宏观策略进行重大分配,包括CTA,超过15年。其他机构投资亚博赞助欧冠者刚刚开始考虑纳入系统的宏基资金,其结构优势正在受到关注,因为他们允许投资者保留了非凡的控制量。许多CTA也需要投资者汇集他们的资金,而是允许它们设置托管帐户。Although futures themselves have built-in leverage, the funds don’t require any financing at the brokerage level, a factor that helped insulate them during the crisis: Because managers simply post margin with regulated exchanges that usually amounts to about 15 to 20 percent of an investor’s capital, the remaining 80 to 85 percent is available for third-party cash management.

在市场动荡期间使CTA具有如此有价值的战略要素是他们多元化任何投资组合的能力。自1980年1月以来,巴克莱CTA指数已将复合年度返回率为12.19%,分别与0.04%和0.16的标准普尔500指数和微观相关性分别对美国国债和世界债券的零相关。

但目前的市场状况可能会测试最佳系统宏观管理者的批量 - 并尝试最新投资者的耐心。虽然全球股市今年到8月起来,但他们一直是令人情调的趋势,令人难以置信和速度。虽然法国,德国和日本最近在经济生产力下发布了谦虚的上涨,但虽然法国,德国和日本,但虽然法国,德国和日本的经济生产力最近,但仍然没有人知道。没有明显的追求追求,系统宏观策略赚钱很难,许多人都陷入了红色:6月30日,巴克莱系统交易商指数下降了3.45%,即使整个行业的对冲基金平均升级为9.13百分比,根据HFR。对于该行业的最新经理,就像布拉加一样,其基金在6月份下跌5.17%,当前市场正在提供明确的挑战。

在最早的形式趋势之后很简单:交易者会发现一份经过清楚地移动和跟随市场的商品或金融期货合约。没有人比理查德·丹尼斯更好,这是一个较大于1970年代商品期货在商品期货的趋势趋势的大于芝加哥商品交易所的较大寿命。在丹尼斯开始尝试更长的持有期,而不是“缩放”利润,而不是“缩放”利润。他的遗产巨大。1983年,与他的朋友和同事威廉·埃克哈德特结算辩论,他培训了一群人训练了一组明确界定的技术交易规则。随着期货市场扩大,刺激数十名CTA的发展,他传授他所谓的龟交易商的课程广泛旅行。

丹尼斯通过表明任何人都可以实施技术交易计划,帮助跳跃了管理期货行业。但是,随着第一工程师和统计人员进入游戏的阶段,进入的障碍开始上升。最早的公司将统计分析应用于美国的市场之一,是薄荷投资管理有限公司于1981年由Michael Delman,Lawrence Hite和Peter Matthews成立。同年,另一年家另一个系统的贸易商John W. Henry,在加利福尼亚州Irvine开设了他的同名业务。1983年,伦敦的商品经纪人群体集团认识到,其期货业务的主要部分来自美国的投资顾问,买了50%的薄荷。交易所在十年的剩余时间内将年度净值超过20%以上的净值。

然而,即使薄荷的创始人蓬勃发展,另一个才华横溢的三人组即将制作它的标记 - 并最终提出造成的铸造 - 通过开发开创性的新量化模型。Michael Adam,David Harding和Martin Lueck在Brockham Securities来到了伦敦的CTA,由Adam的父亲Cyril经营。收取了自动化商品图表的任务,年轻亚当购买了惠普工作站;他的父亲后来建议使用计算机来测试各种技术指标,他开始编写代码。他的努力很快吸引了来自牛津大学的朋友的Lueck。他们一起说服哈丁大学毕业,加入他们。当他们对西里尔的抱负从Cyril的争斗分叉时,这三名男子留下了1987年2月的亚当,Harding&Lueck(后来更名为AHL)。

“We were always in the process of conducting big experiments that would involve computers running all weekend,” says Harding, who — as part of a recent project at his current firm, Winton Capital — is now studying the greatest market dislocations of the past 400 years. “There was definitely a degree of intellectual excitement interspersed with a lot of anxiety, too, because things were always breaking down.”

尽管技术挑战,但AHL繁荣了。该公司的成功引起了人民集团的注意,希望远离其对薄荷的投资。男子在三个阶段购买了AHL,从1989年开始,并于1994年结束。“他们有点把我们带到了下来,穿着我们,并迎接了AHL战略的分布,”琉璃赛Queck Queck“。在完成收购事项后的15年里,人民集团已成为全球最大的公开交易对冲基金公司,管理资产468亿美元,为AHL提供该职位,售价2040亿美元。

AHL提供了一个明确的例子,即如何有效和有利可图的系统宏观策略 - 证据表明,在弗吉尼亚州的对冲基金公司夏尔洛斯维尔的夏尔图斯维尔董事长和首席执行官上没有丢失。当他于2001年开始他的全球贸易计划时,伍德德里夫看到其返回与更具成熟的趋势的CTA运行的回报略微相关,并决定消除重叠。在追求长期趋势的削减模型之后,他专注于中期价格模式,引起最流动的期货市场,例如股权指数。

从战略的角度来看,伍德德里夫不太关注价格举措,而不是破译驱动他们的畜群心理。他称之为“定量行为金融”的方法,建立在信息流量解释中的深刻低效率的前提下。不同的市场参与者以不同的方式解释数据,创建信息刺激与响应之间的时间滞后。

“我们正在做的是基本上转动了其头部的高效市场理论,因为我们正在追求一种形式的统计预测,”伍德里夫说。“市场的液体越多,与参与者的阵列越多,所产生的模式越大,导致我们的回报更好。”

In 2008, QIM’s flagship Quantitative Global Program delivered a net return of 11.94 percent, with most of those profits coming from trading deep, liquid futures markets: currencies, energy, stock indexes and metals (the only sector in which the fund lost money was interest rates). This year it was up 12.11 percent through July, owing chiefly to the performance of stock index futures. Since inception the program has delivered an annualized return of 19.3 percent, with annualized volatility, as measured by the standard deviation of its returns, of just 11.78 percent.

随着趋势追随的发展,也有投资者的态度。当布拉加,现在总统和Bluecrest系统交易负责人开始于2004年1月开始与投资者会面,她努力解释升级交易模式的必要性。

“我会告诉投资者,我们非常致力于我们需要演变模型的想法,但客户不喜欢听到这一点,”她说。“他们会问,'为什么要升级?你不是在你的模型中充满信心吗?如果你继续改变它,我们是否会知道它是否有效?'“

相比之下,布拉加笔记,今天的投资者想了解她公司的研究管道,这已经很快扩大了。三年前推出的蓝色推出了80个市场;它现在在全球24小时周期内交易大约150个市场。与其许多同龄人一样,基金已经变得更加机会主义,利用短期趋势 - 几天或几周内跟踪的价格变动。

Braga and her team pay particular attention to controlling volatility and transaction costs when modifying BlueTrend’s model, which distributes capital across markets based on an algorithm designed to rebalance according to its highest-conviction positions. Maintaining broad diversification is critical, however: Even in choppy markets, where trends aren’t readily apparent, the program avoids the outsize risk of heaping assets into one particular trade.

“We actually get really happy when we see risk go up in the system,” Braga says, “because it means that the model is finding opportunities everywhere.”

自发射以来,Bluetrend已经找到了丰富的机会。它在2009年6月交付了19.9%的净年度返回,现在负责一半以上的BlueCrest在管理层中的124亿美元。虽然该基金迄今为止没有遭受了下降的年度,但它已经有了一些狂野的波动:2008年4月,它下降了6%以上,只有超过40%以上。

Despite such turbulence, Braga remains confident that BlueTrend will appeal to new investors in the wake of the financial crisis. She has been working closely with Bank of America Merrill Lynch Fund Solutions Group to develop an onshore version of BlueTrend in Europe and Asia. By tailoring it to meet the regulatory requirements for undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS), BofA Merrill Lynch can apply to distribute the fund throughout the European Union based on authorization from a single member state — in this case, Luxembourg.

像韦尔顿投资的韦尔顿这样的行业退伍军人认为,随着投资者在未来几年和几年重新评估他们的核心拨款,系统的宏观策略将最终得到他们所在的:真正的替代方案。

“The crisis of 2008 revealed a failure of primary reasoning about what constituted good asset class diversification,” says Welton, whose Carmel, California–based firm manages $500 million. “We are seeing a much broader base of professional investors looking at global macro strategies now — including managed futures — and trying to figure out what it is that we do, how we do it and why the strategies deliver noncorrelated performance even under great market stress.”

这样一个投资者是艾米丽•波特recently hired to launch the inaugural hedge fund portfolio of the Universities Superannuation Scheme, the U.K.’s second-largest pension fund, with $35.2 billion in assets under management. Porter, who was previously a portfolio manager and investment director at London-based fund of hedge funds Key Asset Management, is just starting to look at systematic macro managers.

“他们肯定是我们的雷达屏幕,”她说,补充说,这些策略最终可能占美国对冲基金分配总额的10%到15%。“如何运行CTA有很多差异。这种演变可能是我观察到的行业的关键变化之一 - 似乎比甚至五六年前的差异化更多。“

如果过去是任何指导,那些差异只会变得更加明显,因为系统宏经理工程师的创新方法可以利用他们交易市场中的市场流动。他们可能是他们可能的趋势追随者,但他们现在创造了自己的投资趋势。

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