尽管你可能已经在其他地方读到过过早的讣告,但私募股权的长期前景依然强劲。是的,信贷市场的收缩对一个靠廉价、大量债务而繁荣的行业来说是一个挑战。是的,一些处于商业周期顶端的大型、高风险的收购,削弱了私募股权投资公司(PE)作为大型公司可信所有者的地位。但是,如果要断定私人股本是一股泡沫破灭的话,那就忽略了该行业的一些突出事实。
The private equity model, when well executed, has shown that it can outperform public equity markets in a wide variety of economic and capital market conditions. The qualifier is important. While the average PE fund’s performance has approximated to — or even lagged — the S&P 500 Index over the past 15 years, the top quartile of funds outperformed public equities by a wide margin and, importantly, came persistently from a relatively small cohort of leading PE firms.
此外,这种投资业绩对杠杆率的依赖程度低于通常的假设。我们对截至2005年的10年内主要公司在欧洲的收购进行了回顾,发现在这一时期,投资回报率已经超过了公共股本,即使排除了更高杠杆率的影响。可以肯定的是,私募股权投资公司乐于利用杠杆进一步提高股本回报率。然而,它们表现优异的根源不是资产负债表上的虚张声势,而是一种以股东为导向的公司治理方式,这种方式使它们能够比在公开市场上市的公司更快地推动运营改善和扩大利润率。
杠杆收购也不一定是你认为的高风险投资。除了一些大型顶级市场交易外,私募股权投资公司一开始倾向于购买相对稳定的业务。虽然在收购的最初几年,债务可能高于公共市场同行,但通常是在私有制时期偿还的。当私募股权公司重返公开市场时,它们的杠杆率往往低于上市竞争对手。学术研究表明,至少在2005年之前,私募股权投资的风险与标准普尔500指数(S&p500)差不多。
这一切表明,PE公司去越好t what it takes to deliver competitive risk-adjusted returns even in an era of higher borrowing costs and less forgiving lenders. Some big investment institutions are starting to arrive at this conclusion. The Ohio Public Employees Retirement system last month announced plans to double its private equity investments to around $2 billion per year. CalPERS and CalSTERS, the giant public pension funds for California state employees, are making similar though less dramatic moves. With returns from public equity and debt markets expected to be low over the next few years, these investors see private equity – again, well-executed – as having an important role to play.
This is not to say that it’s business as usual in the PE world. As befits a more cautious environment, new funds will be significantly smaller than those raised before the financial crisis. This will challenge PE firms both to reassess investment strategies and, since smaller funds mean less income from management fees, to downsize their organizations. Equally, expect investors to negotiate harder on fees before committing capital.
即便如此,随着新资金开始源源不断地流入,以及前几轮融资中估计有5000亿美元的“干粉”等待部署,私募股权投资行业的资金充裕。最大的问题是,资产的价格是否具有足够的吸引力,且运营上行空间是否足够清晰,既能与寻求协同效应的企业收购方竞争,又能产生投资者所需的上述市场回报。
对这一点持谨慎乐观态度有两个原因。首先,尽管资产价格很难达到最低价,但价格肯定已经从峰值回落。此外,在中型私募股权投资公司的重组之后,私募股权交易的竞争并不那么激烈。从历史上看,这种下行周期(过去30年中的第五次)导致收购成本降低,进而可能带来更高的回报。
第二,新的投资领域正在打开。例如,全球各国政府承诺在基础设施(道路、桥梁、机场等)上投资1.6万亿美元,相当于所有政府支出的大约9%。在体育界,公私合作的潜力并没有丧失。
这些都不能否认私募股权行业面临的真正挑战:受经济衰退打击的投资组合公司、焦虑且要求更高的投资者、谨慎的放贷机构、规模较小的基金。即便如此,我们认为,有关私募股权即将消亡的报道被大大夸大了。优秀的私募股权公司——那些拥有真正的交易和运营管理专业知识的公司——将继续蓬勃发展。
加里·平库斯is a Director (senior partner) in the San Francisco Office of McKinsey & Company.科诺·凯霍他是伦敦办事处的主任。