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Pension plans are standing fast in volatile times, but subtle changes to their asset allocations could still rattle some markets.
Pension plans are standing fast in volatile times, but subtle changes to their asset allocations could still rattle some markets.
贾斯汀·迪尼
February 2001
亚博赞助欧冠机构投资者杂志
养老基金一直是耐心的待遇。今年他们正在玩形成。
The historic bull market may finally have ended: Nasdaq has tumbled, and predictions of recession abound. But don't try to scare the nation's giant pension plans. Compared with skittish retail investors and sector-hopping mutual fund managers, pension fund managers remain a portrait of calm - content mostly to stick with the investment strategies they put into place in the not-so-distant past.
占据390亿美元的弗吉尼亚退休系统。去年夏天,其董事会在决定将70%完整的拨款之前大幅上拉回来。“这件事就像一个超级坦克。你不能把它变成一角钱,”弗吉尼亚州计划的首席投资官Nancy Everett说。
“我们不是在市场时机的信徒,”罗伯特·斯特兰堡(Robert Stelben)增加了纽约综合爱迪生公司的90亿美元计划。The utility will reexamine its portfolio mix in the next few months, but Stelben expects it to leave intact its basic asset allocation, which has been in effect since early 1998: 45 percent in U.S. equities, 20 percent in international equities, 30 percent in fixed income and 5 percent in alternative investments. "I don't see a year's change in the marketplace as warranting a change in our structure," he says.
Of course, standing pat on allocations can take some courage in tough markets. After all, as funds began their rebalancing process, a year-end ritual for most, many found themselves below their target for equity because of last year's market reversals. To stick to their established asset mix, they will have to start buying more stocks, even if, gun-shy, many have yet to pull the trigger.
一些资金甚至更具侵略性。去年6月份德克萨斯州的9000亿美元教师退休系统将其分配削减到固定收入从34.5%到29.5%。该基金将其分配从50%重定向到50%至52.5%,并将其目标从10%增加到13%。“委员会批准了这些修改,以进一步多样化基金,”发言人说。
但是,尽管如此,在发生变化的程度上,它是持续运动的一部分,即在保证金上更加依赖被动股权管理,并表现出私募股权和对冲基金等替代投资的越来越多的味道。当然,鉴于许多这些基金的规模,当然,即使是微小的变化也可能对市场产生巨大影响。
在最近的大约800公司和亚博赞助欧冠250名公共养老金计划的调查中,15.8%的受访者表示,他们预计将在2001年增加其对国内被动管理股票的分配,两倍于那些认为他们会降低依赖的人的比例论索引。相比之下,大约增加12%的预期,增加其活跃的股权投资,而22%的预期降低了积极管理资金。主要原因计划赞助商引用交换机索引:积极管理人员似乎无法始终击败他们的基准。
通过替代资产,养老基金经理希望生成与其余投资组合不相关的健康回报。在投资世界中相当于免费午餐,使对冲基金和私募股权投资成为许多计划渴望制造的明智的动议。根据Greenwich Associates研究小组的新调查,47%的养老金基金受访者预计将增加其对私募股权的拨款,该调查被定义为杠杆收购和风险投资,到今年中期。只有5%的计划预计会降低此类投资。
许多资金,如5.6亿俄亥俄州公共雇员的退休系统,正在进行进入这些替代资产课程。“我们绝对期待私募股权的更好回报,而不是国内和国际公共股票,”该计划投资总监Neil Toth表示,这是去年对私募股权的首次承诺。
利息不仅限于大计划。哈佛大学商业学院的工商管理教授Josh Lerner说:“我们从先锋中取得了进展 - 基础和禀赋以及更复杂的私人和公共养老基金。现在的公众和私人资金更小开始投资课程。“
Nevertheless, experience indicates that pension funds would be wise to expect complications from their new investments. The hedge fund industry is already short of experienced managers, giving pension funds little choice but to invest with untested firms. And both hedge funds and private equity remain opaque, leaving investors to guess at what's happening to their money between monthly or quarterly reports. Indeed, many private equity investments are so illiquid that pension funds will have difficulty tracking their returns. Moreover, not all academics are convinced that private equity returns don't correlate with stock market performance. "If the public equity markets get killed, the private equity gets killed too," says Edwin Burton, an economics professor at the University of Virginia and the chairman of the board of trustees at the Virginia Retirement System. "Private equity is the tail on the dog."
Certainly, last year's market gave all money managers reason to indulge in some serious reflection and to dabble a bit. After all, Nasdaq plunged 39 percent, and the Standard & Poor's 500 index fell 10 percent. That was a rude awakening for pension plans that had reported a median average annual return of 18.13 percent from 1995 through 1999, according to the Wilshire Associates' Trust Universe Comparison Service.
“这是我们在很长一段时间内看到的最糟糕的一年,”佛罗里达州政府委员会执行董事汤姆·赫伦顿队达成了汤姆·赫伦森,监督该州的101亿美元的养老基金。
Florida follows an automatic rebalancing system and has rejiggered its asset mix twice in the past six months, once over the summer and again in early December, to reach its target allocation. In both cases, the fixed-income portion of the portfolio became overweighted and U.S. equity underweighted, so the fund adjusted accordingly. "If we run ahead of our targets, the rebalancing kicks in automatically," says Herndon. "It amounted to several hundred million dollars in each case - not a lot for a big pension fund."
1999年11月,基金的执行人员决定降低国内股权,从投资组合的61%,自1996年以来持有公司的一个职位,达到55.5%,为国际股权和替代投资分配额外的5.5%,包括私人股权和替代投资公平。“我们认为美国股权市场很可能会继续放缓,”赫伦登说。“我们认为我们可能会从固定收入那里得到一点流行,这结果是对的。我们也以为我们从国际公平获得一个流行,这结果是错误的。”
For now, the fund intends to stick to its current asset allocation: 55 percent U.S. equity, 25 percent fixed income, 12 percent international equity, 4 percent real estate, 2.5 percent alternative assets (private equity) and the remainder in cash.
自动重新平衡被证明是一个福发,为300亿美元的马萨诸塞养老金储备投资管理委员会,报告执行主任R. Scott Henderson。Twice in the past three years, the automatic rebalancing kicked in with exquisite timing for the fund, which, since 1996, has targeted 44 percent U.S. equity, 16 percent international equity, 25 percent fixed income, 6 percent real estate and 5 percent private equity.
它首次发生在1998年6月股权超过44%的时候。马萨诸塞州在市场之前削减了俄罗斯卢布贬值和长期资本管理崩溃的贬值。在纳斯达克爆发之前,第二次重新平衡于2000年3月。“这恰好为我们锻炼身体。我希望我能说我这么聪明,”亨德森说。“当运气有它时,我们在市场为我们的市场之前重新平衡。”
许多人必须自己运气。去年,新泽西州新泽西州的投资司将其置于下巴上。该基金在增长股中浓度浓度,该基金观察其美国股权下跌70亿美元,占国内股权投资的近17%,报告了特伦顿的计划的投资官。因此,它现在拥有国内和国际公平的约63%的基金,而不是其目标为65%。Kotwal表示,基金会尚未决定何时恢复2%的短缺。“我们仍然不确定我们是否已经看到了最后的盈利修订,”他指出。总体而言,基金的价值从1999年底截至2000年底的约830亿美元下降至767亿美元。
令人惊讶的是,许多经理人们已经疲惫不堪,试图让市场不思考,这是资金继续削减积极管理人员的一个原因。大约六个月前,最值得注意的举动之一,当时435亿美元的纽约市雇员的退休系统决定将其3亿美元的大帽子投资组合转储,并转向指数资金,这是一段时间。“我们将我们的积极管理美国股权与我们被动管理的资金进行了比较,我们发现我们的经理无法击败该指数,”纽约市的养老金副议长Jane Levine说。因此,被动管理占基金股权投资组合的92.5%,从一年前的约85%。
然而,Levine正在为积极的管理者提供另一个机会来证明他们的价值。纽约计划在迈出其股权投资组合中的约5%,积极管理小型和中型股。“我们希望这是一个积极管理层可以做得好的细分市场。”
Last year's market decline has also complicated private equity performance: Weak IPO markets have curtailed exit strategies for venture capital investors, and leveraged-buyout funds suffered from soured junk bond financing opportunities. Still, pension plans are attracted by the historical returns: 22 percent for private equity over the past decade, according to private equity research firm Venture Economics, versus 17 percent for the S&P 500, according to research group Ibbotson Associates.
养老金资产重新平衡将在今年为LBO和风险投资基金寻找金钱的两种方式。一方面,更多小计划正在向其资产混合添加私募股权,扩大潜在私募股权投资者的基础。另一方面,许多大型资金发现他们的萎缩资产基础让他们避免过私募股权,强迫他们削减他们的控股或避免制定额外的投资。在总资产方面,观察员说,它应该是一种清洗:私募股权交易的养老基金金额既不是全面增加或减少。
养老基金顾问Kelly Deponte of California的太平洋公司集团,“你将获得更多参与者参与者,但美元金额将低于过去几年。”
根据Greenwich Associates的研究小组,这些日子养老基金在私募股权平均占私募股权的2.9%。像新罕布什尔州和弗吉尼亚州那样的冒险计划,其中包括高达班级总资产的10%。最具侵略性的计划,包括1700亿美元的加州公共雇员退休系统,5.9亿美元的华盛顿州投资委员会和420亿美元的俄勒冈州公共雇员退休基金,是第一个跳入该地区。在1979年的劳动裁决之后,他们很快就举办了举措,使养老基金只要他们被视为“谨慎”,就养老基金就私募股权投资。
去年夏季卡片上涨了赌注,将其目标暴露在4%的百分比下。“如果您要投资权益,您应该投资所有频谱,包括私募股权,”Charpers全球股权投资官Mark Anson说。
仍然,他补充道,“如果你在过去的两三年里基于私募股权的决定,你可能会重新审视那种决定。过去几年的回报比任何人都应该预期。”
退货不便宜。私募股权投资每年可以花费200至300个基点之间的养老基金,与积极管理权益组合的20至30个基点,5至10个基点的一个被动管理。
洛杉矶火灾和警察养老金制度代表了新品种的小计划,这些小型计划在私募股权中徘徊。“我们正在寻找回报,”托马斯·洛佩兹(Thomas Lopez)表示,运营120亿美元的投资组合。1998年底,该基金将其私募股权目标从3%增加到5%。洛佩兹说:“私募股权变得越来越成为一个接受的资产类别。传统上,最大的资金在其中。现在它正在涓涓细流到小型和中型资金。”
对冲基金投资是养老基金最近的最近现象。直到过去几年,这些不受管制的投资伙伴关系大多是高净值个人的领域。但近年来,制度化已成为业务中最重要的主题。去年,卡伯勒在这些基金中投资10亿美元的决定被视为一个流域活动,最终将为市场带来更多的养老金计划。
尽管如此,大养老金计划的问题取比了试图在对冲基金中找到一个舒适的地方。在这个课堂上仍然是巨大的董事会兴趣。具有良好轨道记录的资金几乎都是封闭或退货,并出现在共同基金行业或华尔街的承诺经理几乎可以在一夜之间筹集大型资金。供应和需求的不平衡留下了大量的机构投资者,而不会影响他们传统上可以在其他市场施加的影响。亚博赞助欧冠对于养老基金,主要对冲基金不太可能在价格或投资锁上削减特殊交易。
坚定不移的养老金计划,worth remembering that despite last year's market problems, most funds are still sitting on outsize returns over the past decade. It remains to be seen whether they will get antsy if markets continue to perform poorly for any extended period of time.
考虑弗吉尼亚退休系统,排名为中型基金。该VRS于1989年制定了第一项私募股权投资。然后,1994年,其官员决定扩大基金的私募股权拨款,作为该计划的戏剧性大修的一部分,该计划仅在1993年底获得了40%。它提升了它将公共和私募股权分配从50%到70%,主要以固定收入为代价,及时捕获牛市的最佳年份。
"We jacked up our equity exposure and we got lucky," says Burton, who advocated the increased equity allocation at the time. Adds Nancy Everett, "We didn't expect 20 percent returns."
到了去年6月,当基金的员工和董事会聚集在弗吉尼亚大学夏洛斯维尔校区的野猪总线旅馆,讨论是否改变资产配置,该计划每四年进行一次,养老金计划资助了98%。伯顿认为,该计划应将其股权分配转回50%以防止进一步的市场下滑。(在夏季总资产达到420亿美元后,该基金逐年损失了30亿美元的价值。)但Everett认可了现状,最终VRS董事会将其策略留到位。
"The fund's managers have been hitting home runs the past seven years," says Burton. "It is hard to make an argument to switch gears."
Another down year, of course, might add a little spice to that argument.
贾斯汀·迪尼
February 2001
亚博赞助欧冠机构投资者杂志
养老基金一直是耐心的待遇。今年他们正在玩形成。
The historic bull market may finally have ended: Nasdaq has tumbled, and predictions of recession abound. But don't try to scare the nation's giant pension plans. Compared with skittish retail investors and sector-hopping mutual fund managers, pension fund managers remain a portrait of calm - content mostly to stick with the investment strategies they put into place in the not-so-distant past.
占据390亿美元的弗吉尼亚退休系统。去年夏天,其董事会在决定将70%完整的拨款之前大幅上拉回来。“这件事就像一个超级坦克。你不能把它变成一角钱,”弗吉尼亚州计划的首席投资官Nancy Everett说。
“我们不是在市场时机的信徒,”罗伯特·斯特兰堡(Robert Stelben)增加了纽约综合爱迪生公司的90亿美元计划。The utility will reexamine its portfolio mix in the next few months, but Stelben expects it to leave intact its basic asset allocation, which has been in effect since early 1998: 45 percent in U.S. equities, 20 percent in international equities, 30 percent in fixed income and 5 percent in alternative investments. "I don't see a year's change in the marketplace as warranting a change in our structure," he says.
Of course, standing pat on allocations can take some courage in tough markets. After all, as funds began their rebalancing process, a year-end ritual for most, many found themselves below their target for equity because of last year's market reversals. To stick to their established asset mix, they will have to start buying more stocks, even if, gun-shy, many have yet to pull the trigger.
一些资金甚至更具侵略性。去年6月份德克萨斯州的9000亿美元教师退休系统将其分配削减到固定收入从34.5%到29.5%。该基金将其分配从50%重定向到50%至52.5%,并将其目标从10%增加到13%。“委员会批准了这些修改,以进一步多样化基金,”发言人说。
但是,尽管如此,在发生变化的程度上,它是持续运动的一部分,即在保证金上更加依赖被动股权管理,并表现出私募股权和对冲基金等替代投资的越来越多的味道。当然,鉴于许多这些基金的规模,当然,即使是微小的变化也可能对市场产生巨大影响。
在最近的大约800公司和亚博赞助欧冠250名公共养老金计划的调查中,15.8%的受访者表示,他们预计将在2001年增加其对国内被动管理股票的分配,两倍于那些认为他们会降低依赖的人的比例论索引。相比之下,大约增加12%的预期,增加其活跃的股权投资,而22%的预期降低了积极管理资金。主要原因计划赞助商引用交换机索引:积极管理人员似乎无法始终击败他们的基准。
通过替代资产,养老基金经理希望生成与其余投资组合不相关的健康回报。在投资世界中相当于免费午餐,使对冲基金和私募股权投资成为许多计划渴望制造的明智的动议。根据Greenwich Associates研究小组的新调查,47%的养老金基金受访者预计将增加其对私募股权的拨款,该调查被定义为杠杆收购和风险投资,到今年中期。只有5%的计划预计会降低此类投资。
许多资金,如5.6亿俄亥俄州公共雇员的退休系统,正在进行进入这些替代资产课程。“我们绝对期待私募股权的更好回报,而不是国内和国际公共股票,”该计划投资总监Neil Toth表示,这是去年对私募股权的首次承诺。
利息不仅限于大计划。哈佛大学商业学院的工商管理教授Josh Lerner说:“我们从先锋中取得了进展 - 基础和禀赋以及更复杂的私人和公共养老基金。现在的公众和私人资金更小开始投资课程。“
Nevertheless, experience indicates that pension funds would be wise to expect complications from their new investments. The hedge fund industry is already short of experienced managers, giving pension funds little choice but to invest with untested firms. And both hedge funds and private equity remain opaque, leaving investors to guess at what's happening to their money between monthly or quarterly reports. Indeed, many private equity investments are so illiquid that pension funds will have difficulty tracking their returns. Moreover, not all academics are convinced that private equity returns don't correlate with stock market performance. "If the public equity markets get killed, the private equity gets killed too," says Edwin Burton, an economics professor at the University of Virginia and the chairman of the board of trustees at the Virginia Retirement System. "Private equity is the tail on the dog."
Certainly, last year's market gave all money managers reason to indulge in some serious reflection and to dabble a bit. After all, Nasdaq plunged 39 percent, and the Standard & Poor's 500 index fell 10 percent. That was a rude awakening for pension plans that had reported a median average annual return of 18.13 percent from 1995 through 1999, according to the Wilshire Associates' Trust Universe Comparison Service.
“这是我们在很长一段时间内看到的最糟糕的一年,”佛罗里达州政府委员会执行董事汤姆·赫伦顿队达成了汤姆·赫伦森,监督该州的101亿美元的养老基金。
Florida follows an automatic rebalancing system and has rejiggered its asset mix twice in the past six months, once over the summer and again in early December, to reach its target allocation. In both cases, the fixed-income portion of the portfolio became overweighted and U.S. equity underweighted, so the fund adjusted accordingly. "If we run ahead of our targets, the rebalancing kicks in automatically," says Herndon. "It amounted to several hundred million dollars in each case - not a lot for a big pension fund."
1999年11月,基金的执行人员决定降低国内股权,从投资组合的61%,自1996年以来持有公司的一个职位,达到55.5%,为国际股权和替代投资分配额外的5.5%,包括私人股权和替代投资公平。“我们认为美国股权市场很可能会继续放缓,”赫伦登说。“我们认为我们可能会从固定收入那里得到一点流行,这结果是对的。我们也以为我们从国际公平获得一个流行,这结果是错误的。”
For now, the fund intends to stick to its current asset allocation: 55 percent U.S. equity, 25 percent fixed income, 12 percent international equity, 4 percent real estate, 2.5 percent alternative assets (private equity) and the remainder in cash.
自动重新平衡被证明是一个福发,为300亿美元的马萨诸塞养老金储备投资管理委员会,报告执行主任R. Scott Henderson。Twice in the past three years, the automatic rebalancing kicked in with exquisite timing for the fund, which, since 1996, has targeted 44 percent U.S. equity, 16 percent international equity, 25 percent fixed income, 6 percent real estate and 5 percent private equity.
它首次发生在1998年6月股权超过44%的时候。马萨诸塞州在市场之前削减了俄罗斯卢布贬值和长期资本管理崩溃的贬值。在纳斯达克爆发之前,第二次重新平衡于2000年3月。“这恰好为我们锻炼身体。我希望我能说我这么聪明,”亨德森说。“当运气有它时,我们在市场为我们的市场之前重新平衡。”
许多人必须自己运气。去年,新泽西州新泽西州的投资司将其置于下巴上。该基金在增长股中浓度浓度,该基金观察其美国股权下跌70亿美元,占国内股权投资的近17%,报告了特伦顿的计划的投资官。因此,它现在拥有国内和国际公平的约63%的基金,而不是其目标为65%。Kotwal表示,基金会尚未决定何时恢复2%的短缺。“我们仍然不确定我们是否已经看到了最后的盈利修订,”他指出。总体而言,基金的价值从1999年底截至2000年底的约830亿美元下降至767亿美元。
令人惊讶的是,许多经理人们已经疲惫不堪,试图让市场不思考,这是资金继续削减积极管理人员的一个原因。大约六个月前,最值得注意的举动之一,当时435亿美元的纽约市雇员的退休系统决定将其3亿美元的大帽子投资组合转储,并转向指数资金,这是一段时间。“我们将我们的积极管理美国股权与我们被动管理的资金进行了比较,我们发现我们的经理无法击败该指数,”纽约市的养老金副议长Jane Levine说。因此,被动管理占基金股权投资组合的92.5%,从一年前的约85%。
然而,Levine正在为积极的管理者提供另一个机会来证明他们的价值。纽约计划在迈出其股权投资组合中的约5%,积极管理小型和中型股。“我们希望这是一个积极管理层可以做得好的细分市场。”
Last year's market decline has also complicated private equity performance: Weak IPO markets have curtailed exit strategies for venture capital investors, and leveraged-buyout funds suffered from soured junk bond financing opportunities. Still, pension plans are attracted by the historical returns: 22 percent for private equity over the past decade, according to private equity research firm Venture Economics, versus 17 percent for the S&P 500, according to research group Ibbotson Associates.
养老金资产重新平衡将在今年为LBO和风险投资基金寻找金钱的两种方式。一方面,更多小计划正在向其资产混合添加私募股权,扩大潜在私募股权投资者的基础。另一方面,许多大型资金发现他们的萎缩资产基础让他们避免过私募股权,强迫他们削减他们的控股或避免制定额外的投资。在总资产方面,观察员说,它应该是一种清洗:私募股权交易的养老基金金额既不是全面增加或减少。
养老基金顾问Kelly Deponte of California的太平洋公司集团,“你将获得更多参与者参与者,但美元金额将低于过去几年。”
根据Greenwich Associates的研究小组,这些日子养老基金在私募股权平均占私募股权的2.9%。像新罕布什尔州和弗吉尼亚州那样的冒险计划,其中包括高达班级总资产的10%。最具侵略性的计划,包括1700亿美元的加州公共雇员退休系统,5.9亿美元的华盛顿州投资委员会和420亿美元的俄勒冈州公共雇员退休基金,是第一个跳入该地区。在1979年的劳动裁决之后,他们很快就举办了举措,使养老基金只要他们被视为“谨慎”,就养老基金就私募股权投资。
去年夏季卡片上涨了赌注,将其目标暴露在4%的百分比下。“如果您要投资权益,您应该投资所有频谱,包括私募股权,”Charpers全球股权投资官Mark Anson说。
仍然,他补充道,“如果你在过去的两三年里基于私募股权的决定,你可能会重新审视那种决定。过去几年的回报比任何人都应该预期。”
退货不便宜。私募股权投资每年可以花费200至300个基点之间的养老基金,与积极管理权益组合的20至30个基点,5至10个基点的一个被动管理。
洛杉矶火灾和警察养老金制度代表了新品种的小计划,这些小型计划在私募股权中徘徊。“我们正在寻找回报,”托马斯·洛佩兹(Thomas Lopez)表示,运营120亿美元的投资组合。1998年底,该基金将其私募股权目标从3%增加到5%。洛佩兹说:“私募股权变得越来越成为一个接受的资产类别。传统上,最大的资金在其中。现在它正在涓涓细流到小型和中型资金。”
对冲基金投资是养老基金最近的最近现象。直到过去几年,这些不受管制的投资伙伴关系大多是高净值个人的领域。但近年来,制度化已成为业务中最重要的主题。去年,卡伯勒在这些基金中投资10亿美元的决定被视为一个流域活动,最终将为市场带来更多的养老金计划。
尽管如此,大养老金计划的问题取比了试图在对冲基金中找到一个舒适的地方。在这个课堂上仍然是巨大的董事会兴趣。具有良好轨道记录的资金几乎都是封闭或退货,并出现在共同基金行业或华尔街的承诺经理几乎可以在一夜之间筹集大型资金。供应和需求的不平衡留下了大量的机构投资者,而不会影响他们传统上可以在其他市场施加的影响。亚博赞助欧冠对于养老基金,主要对冲基金不太可能在价格或投资锁上削减特殊交易。
坚定不移的养老金计划,worth remembering that despite last year's market problems, most funds are still sitting on outsize returns over the past decade. It remains to be seen whether they will get antsy if markets continue to perform poorly for any extended period of time.
考虑弗吉尼亚退休系统,排名为中型基金。该VRS于1989年制定了第一项私募股权投资。然后,1994年,其官员决定扩大基金的私募股权拨款,作为该计划的戏剧性大修的一部分,该计划仅在1993年底获得了40%。它提升了它将公共和私募股权分配从50%到70%,主要以固定收入为代价,及时捕获牛市的最佳年份。
"We jacked up our equity exposure and we got lucky," says Burton, who advocated the increased equity allocation at the time. Adds Nancy Everett, "We didn't expect 20 percent returns."
到了去年6月,当基金的员工和董事会聚集在弗吉尼亚大学夏洛斯维尔校区的野猪总线旅馆,讨论是否改变资产配置,该计划每四年进行一次,养老金计划资助了98%。伯顿认为,该计划应将其股权分配转回50%以防止进一步的市场下滑。(在夏季总资产达到420亿美元后,该基金逐年损失了30亿美元的价值。)但Everett认可了现状,最终VRS董事会将其策略留到位。
"The fund's managers have been hitting home runs the past seven years," says Burton. "It is hard to make an argument to switch gears."
Another down year, of course, might add a little spice to that argument.