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纠正Putnam.
在90年代的牛市中,很少有基金公司能像普特南(Putnam)那样飙升,也很少有高管能比拉里•拉瑟(Larry Lasser)更出名。但今天普特南自由落体,拉瑟承受着压力。
拉里拉瑟开始失去耐心了。普特南投资公司(Putnam Investments)的首席执行官坐在洛克菲勒中心彩虹室的讲台上,看着美国一些顶级机构投资者,包括对冲基金传奇人物乔治·索罗斯(George Soros)和时任TIAA-CREF首席执行官的约翰·比格斯(John Biggs)。大约100名男女参加了10月下旬由高管招聘人员斯宾塞•斯图尔特(Spencer 亚博赞助欧冠Stuart)主办的会议,就公司治理问题展开辩论。一位投资者问,普特南首席执行官对过去两年困扰美国企业的连环金融丑闻有何看法?
“我认为这里正在发生一些神圣的事情,”Lasser厉声说道,他是公司自1985年以来的首席执行官我们喜欢在Putnam认为,如果一家公司出了什么问题,我们一开始就不会拥有这只股票。”
Next question?
鲁莽,聪明,很少怀疑自己的判断力,拉塞尔把普特南从波士顿一家中等规模的资金管理公司,在鼎盛时期转变成美国第十大资产管理公司,因其聪明才智和卓越的领导能力而赢得赞誉。但他去年10月的强势表现掩盖了一个令人不安的事实:拉里·拉瑟的普特南最近持有大量错误股票。
Few fund companies soared as high as Putnam did during the '90s bull market, and few executives earned greater renown than Lasser. But today Putnam is in free fall, and Lasser is under pressure. Putnam's assets have plunged 43 percent in the past three years, to $241 billion as of March 31. The 60-year-old CEO -- 34-year company man, famously demanding boss, widely respected industry leader -- must now wage the toughest fight of his career to restore Putnam's good name and his own reputation. Still in the early stages of his campaign to turn Putnam around, Lasser has shaken up his staff and overhauled the investment process.
Putnam如何在这样的困境中找到自己?称之为太多,太晚了。即使市场接近其巅峰,Putnam又讨厌热的零售金钱,并对价格过高的增长股。在此过程中,货币经理允许其纪律处于纪律,以投资的投资系统解开。看看的辐射是明白的。Putnam背上了一个可恶的表演记录(Contnam投资者,该公司的旗舰基金,截至4月25日止三年的平均每年21%,比标准差和500指数差7个百分点);收缩利润,从2000年的10亿美元降至2002年的5.6亿美元;并侵蚀利润率,从2000年的32%下降到2002年的26%。
普特南的经验在资产中并不罕见anagers, but it is severe. Among the biggest fund families, perhaps only Janus Capital Management, the hyperaggressive growth fund shop, has been hit as hard. After Janus assets plunged 65 percent from their peak, a new CEO was named to resurrect the once-powerful brand name (亚博赞助欧冠,February 2003).
All money managers continue to struggle with the grinding bear market. Now they face a new threat in the recent flurry of attention from both the House Committee on Financial Services and the Securities and Exchange Commission. Government investigators are examining a wide range of mutual fund industry practices, including fee schedules and trading practices. More regulation means more costs, which further squeezes margins and intensifies pressure on mutual fund companies to reassess their business.
"The mutual fund industry is going through tough times," says Peter Sundman, head of the mutual fund business at Neuberger Berman. "Everybody has had to retrench and do a fair amount of soul-searching."
搜索Putnam的灵魂,金融服务集团沼泽&MCLINNAN COS的子公司。自1970年以来,您将找到一个跑amok的投资过程。在90年代末和2000年初 - 回顾起初,时间不可能越来越糟糕 - 延期策划零售金钱后,推出Putnam的第一科技基金,介绍或重新开放几项超自然的增长基金,并将基本核心股权投资组合转化为技术- 发布的蜂蜜陷阱。曾经专注于风格纯度的投资组合经理养成压力,以产生巨大的回报,并与Janus和Pilgrim Baxter&Associates这样的增长基金掌握。
拉塞尔拒绝就本文置评,但当时他对该行业的前景仍相当乐观。”我不想显得自满二in May 2000, "but I do not see the business's economics deteriorating."
到2001年底,即使是最顽固的乐观主义者也能看到这种损害。拉瑟潜入营救行动。他对投资组合经理实施了更严格的风险控制,并改组了高管队伍。到那一年年底,拉塞尔已经解雇了250名员工,其中包括几名顶级投资组合经理。
驱动拉塞尔的压力并非全部来自内部。普特南的衰落给马什和麦克伦南带来了沉重打击。1999年,这家公司贡献了母公司一半的利润;去年,它只创造了四分之一的利润。自2000年以来,Marsh Mac的股价下跌了22%,至46美元,长期观察公司的人士说,自2000年5月以来担任董事长的杰弗里•格林伯格(Jeffrey Greenberg)一直密切关注Lasser。
“在2002年中期的某个时候,你开始看到格林伯格在普特南的形势中扮演了更积极的角色,”摩根士丹利保险分析师爱丽丝·施罗德说为了让事情回到正轨,拉塞尔承受了很大的压力
Lasser's most critical response to the pressure was to recruit last October Charles (Ed) Haldeman, the 54-year-old CEO of Philadelphia-based Delaware Investments, to become Putnam's new co-head of investments and help get the firm back on track. He gave Haldeman -- who inside sources tab as Lasser's likely successor (see box, page 52) -- free rein to reorganize the investment process.
Haldeman leads a substantial army. Of Putnam's 5,700 employees, 150 are research analysts -- far more than most comparably sized fund firms -- and 85 are portfolio managers, divided among seven investment groups and covering about 70 products.
Haldeman is moving quickly to improve communication among the firm's investment groups, better integrate Putnam's analysts into the stock picking process and bolster the status of Putnam's portfolio managers, who have traditionally taken a backseat to marketers at the firm. Formerly president of United Asset Management, Haldeman plans to revamp Putnam's compensation system for portfolio managers and last month made a key hire, recruiting Joshua Brooks, Delaware Investment's CIO for value funds, to become Putnam's new head of research.
费城共同基金顾问伯顿•格林沃尔德(Burton Greenwald)表示:“埃德•哈尔德曼是拉瑟可能找到的最有可能让公司朝着正确方向发展的人。”他是为数不多的战略思想者之一,他也能非常好地管理人员,并实际管理了资金。”
摩根·桑利的施罗德补充道:“如果哈尔德曼是拉塞尔的接班人,他会受到热烈欢迎。他是个有转机的人,这正是普特南需要的。”
当然,普特南的不幸标志着拉瑟个人的失败,1969年,他以一名雄心勃勃的股票分析师的身份来到波士顿公司,凭借自己的智慧和雄心壮志(两方面都超凡脱俗)迅速晋升,并于1985年获得首席执行官头衔。在拉塞尔的指导下,普特南进入了自己的领域,稳步积累资产,拓展分销渠道,实现产品线多元化。作为一个纪律严明、风险意识强的资产管理者和一个异常有效的营销者,它名声大噪。1985年,这家公司在排行榜上排名第35位二到去年已经是第15位了。
"Larry Lasser is probably one of the single most successful executives in the history of the money management business," says John Casey, an industry veteran and the co-founder of Casey, Quirk & Acito, a Darien, Connecticut, consulting firm. "He may not be the most popular guy in Boston, but in terms of sheer knowledge and vision, there are few who rival him."
当他写下职业生涯的最后篇章时,拉瑟决心让凯西的判决成为定论。
THE RARE EXECUTIVE NOWADAYS WHO HAS worked for just one company, Lasser grew up in the New York City suburb of Scarsdale, the eldest son of a garment industry business owner and a housewife. He graduated from Antioch College and earned his MBA at Harvard Business School.
Lasser didn't begin his working life in money management. While still in business school, he bought and sold modern art out of his apartment. After graduation Lasser opened Graphics 1 & Graphics 2, an art gallery on tony Newbury Street. "I sublet Larry's apartment just after he graduated and people would still come knock on the door looking to buy lithographs," recalls Stephen Timbers, now president of Northern Trust Global Investments.
拉瑟在继续经营自己的画廊的同时(他从未打算将画廊作为自己毕生的事业,并最终卖掉了这家公司),他还在哈佛商学院(Harvard business School)担任了两年的研究助理。1969年秋,拉瑟通过一位在普特南商学院担任分析师的同学获得了面试机会。他采访了时任Putnam研究主管的Norton Reamer,后者为Lasser提供了一份消费品分析师的工作。当时,由首席执行官罗伯特赖利(Robert Riley)领导的普特南(Putnam)管理着少数几只股票共同基金,其中包括旗舰型普特南投资者基金(Putnam Investors fund)和1937年成立的波士顿乔治普特南基金(George Putnam fund of Boston),后者是业界第一只平衡型基金。
The young analyst rapidly made his mark for being a quick study and well organized. In 1973 Reamer, then the firm's new chief investment officer, promoted Lasser to assistant director of research. Four years later Lasser got the top research job, reporting directly to Reamer, who was named CEO that year. Reamer replaced Riley, who became head of a new holding company, Marsh & McLennan Asset Management.
湖人尽管他可能是磨蚀和叛逆的事实,但很少搬到公司等级。“拉里非常聪明,人们忍不住听他,”前普特南同事说。
裂缝在行政等级中受益于一些搅拌。1980年12月,铰刀突然离开Putnam开始联合资产管理,一个控股公司,为独立的货币管理者寻求兑现。没有人预期的铰刀,然后只有45岁,突然退出。他的离开留下了莱利,MMAM的头,踩到了填补。但七个月后,莱利,51,也离开了。
Marsh Mac chairman Jack Regan eventually replaced Riley with Martin Hale, a popular portfolio manager who had been running the retail mutual fund business. As president of MMAM, Hale would act as Putnam CEO until a successor to Reamer could be chosen. Hale's new assignment created an opening for Lasser, who stepped up to become head of the mutual funds in late 1981, when he was just 38.
"It was a chaotic time," recalls Walter Oechsle, who was then managing Putnam's international equity group. "There was no strong leadership at the firm."
At the time, the firm was divided into two groups: Putnam Management, with $2.5 billion in retail assets in 1982, and Putnam Advisory, the institutional arm, with $5 billion in assets. Lasser, president of Putnam Management, and John Sommers, his counterpart at Putnam Advisory, emerged as the top candidates to become the next Putnam CEO.
因为共同基金的销售呈爆炸式增长,拉瑟表现强劲。从1982年到1985年,零售资产增长了600%;同期,机构资产增长了60%。
Putnam's retail surge partly reflected the early years of the historic bull market, but it also testified to Lasser's determination to turn the money manager into a marketing machine. Lasser set up an in-house creative division that produced marketing and advertising materials, an operation widely admired both inside and outside the firm. Charging the highest sales loads permitted -- 8.25 percent in the early 1980s -- Putnam won over wire house brokers, who sold the funds aggressively.
随着数字的数字清楚地区,他于1985年11月咆哮着最高的工作。在巩固其权力基础的举动中,他的第一个行为之一是将零售和机构部门合并到一个组织中。他的竞争对手散发出来。
From the outset, Lasser pushed Putnam to excel as a full-service, multiproduct firm, with a strong presence in both retail and institutional markets, fixed income and equities. When he took over, retail eclipsed institutional and assets were mostly in fixed income. Shoring up institutional marketing was one of his first orders of business.
“为什么普特南管理层有光鲜的营销材料,而普特南咨询公司却在发油印?”拉瑟在担任首席执行官的第一次全公司演讲中问道。
在工作不到一年的时间里,拉塞尔就面临了第一次危机,他把危机当成了一次维护自己权威的机会。1986年8月,时任公司10亿美元国际股票业务负责人的奥克斯勒离职创办了自己的公司,带着7名投资组合经理。作为报复,拉瑟起诉了奥克斯勒,以阻止他偷猎客户——这在波士顿高雅的资金管理界是罕见的举动。奥克斯勒反诉,争议升级为一场有争议的公开斗争,最终庭外解决。这些条款没有透露,但在一年内,大多数有问题的客户都搬到了Oeschle的新公司。
大约一年后的和解,拉瑟面临一个新的威胁。1987年夏天利率飙升,拯救了Putnam的固定收益投资组合。年初,普特南320亿美元资产中有220亿美元在零售账户。大部分资金是债券基金。作为业内最大的政府债券基金,高收益政府基金的资产从1987年冬季的峰值110亿美元骤降至1989年底的55亿美元,主要是资金外流的结果。券商开始回避任何标为Putnam的基金。
债券基金的崩溃给了拉瑟一个古老的教训:零售资金可以瞬间消失。”我们被烧了一次,我们不会被烧两次,”他后来说The Boston Globe. 为了改善与经纪人的关系,拉瑟在1990年秋天聘请了迪安·维特·雷诺兹共同基金主管威廉·希伯勒(William Shiebler)管理普特南的共同基金。
当拉塞尔将注意力从零售转向机构时,他比大多数同行更早地精明地断定,401(k)基金市场将很快起飞。为了瞄准这一新领域,他指派理查德·帕兰(richardpallan)启动这项业务。理查德·帕兰与拉瑟同年加入普特南(Putnam)担任分析师。拉瑟还聘请了波士顿公司(Boston Co.)资产管理销售主管托马斯•鲁西(Thomas Lucey)担任公司新的机构营销主管。鲁西曾是IBM公司(IBM Corp.)的一名极具魅力的销售员。Lucey建立了一个快速增长的固定收益业务,并帮助Putnam赢得了许多新的授权。
Lasser's next key move came two years later when he lured Peter Carman, the respected CIO of Sanford C. Bernstein & Co., to replace retiring equity chief Francis Kelly. Putnam's investment process reflected Lasser's management style: The CEO liked to keep his portfolio managers on a short leash compared with their counterparts at rival firms. Equities chief Carman executed Lasser's vision for an investment process that discouraged prima donna portfolio managers -- Lasser wasn't looking for another Peter Lynch -- and relied instead on a quantitative system of stock picking. Carman created a series of proprietary screens that narrowed a universe of 5,000 stocks into groups of 100 to 200 acceptable companies for any given style category. Research analysts were assigned to cover names on the list, and portfolio managers were not permitted to stray from the roster.
余泽创造了一种完美主义文化,经常拍亚慱体育app怎么下载摄彼此的高管。成功被承认,但即使是最小的失败也被嘲笑。在养老金授权的决赛中丢失的推销员必须忍受一小时的“损失审查”会议与他们的老板。首席执行官的商标:他的“Lasser-Grams”,令人沮丧的备忘录将所有从劣质性能猛烈到不受欢迎的食物(他曾经被禁止的微波爆米花)。
"Larry always liked to have two or three guys slugging it out at his feet," says a former Putnam executive. "No one ever really knew where they stood."
Lasser's approach worked. Putnam's investment pros delivered superior performance, enabling the money manager to grow faster than its rivals. Assets hit $126 billion in 1995, up from $44 billion at the start of the decade. During that five-year period, 401(k) assets grew from zero to $8 billion and institutional assets increased from $14 billion to $54 billion. During the next two years, as the bull market began to roar, Putnam's assets nearly doubled, to $235 billion.
拉塞尔在20世纪80年代初开始制造的零售营销机器也在蓬勃发展。美林证券(merrilllynch&Co.)、美邦证券(smithbarney)和其他主要电信公司的经纪人不断推出Putnam基金。业绩说明了他们的一些热情,但该公司的基金也始终保持着行业内最高的销售负荷。在20世纪90年代中期,大多数Putnam股票型基金的收益率为5.75%,而竞争对手基金家族的收益率为4.5%。(这些负载今天占了上风。)
Putnam的节奏在1997年5月可能已经停滞不前,当时被尊敬的卡曼离开Putnam成为Citigroup资产管理的CIO,但Lasser用他的离开作为重组投资司的机会。他将Putnam的国内和国际股权集团巩固到一个部门,由国际股权主席Timothy Ferguson领导,他于1996年加入了HSBC资产管理,他总统。
起初,这一举措获得了巨大的回报,但长期来看却适得其反。弗格森带领普特南更深入地参与了动量增长的游戏,吸引了越来越多的现金。资深价值投资组合经理安东尼·克雷塞尔(Anthony Kreisel)管理着一只大盘股价值股票基金,他被迫离职。普特南价值股权团队的长期负责人托马斯·雷利(Thomas Reilley)被调任一位前投资组合经理表示:“追逐成长股的压力是巨大的。”。
福格森将普特南的一些核心股票投资组合推进了科技型增长基金。1994年,Putnam聘请了Kemper金融服务投资组合经理C.Beth Cotner,领导运营Putnam Investors(一种大型核心产品)的团队,并将其转变为增长型产品。她在接下来的几年里获得了丰厚的回报。
在弗格森的领导下,1998年,New Opportunities和Voyager基金都发生了类似的风格转变,它们从小盘成长股转向大盘成长股。增长在1999年得到了回报,当时许多Putnam基金获得了超凡的回报。旅行者号返回了56%。当年,普特南表现最佳的科技股普特南OTC新兴增长基金(Putnam OTC Emerging Growth fund)飙升127%。
尽管如此,Putnam今年的销售业绩依然低迷,零售净流入仅为50亿美元,在基金家族销售中排名第十。为什么?普特南投资组合的大部分业绩都出现在第四季度,因此直到年底数据公布后,销售才开始起飞。
晨星分析师丹尼尔·麦克尼拉说:“就在那时,你看到普特南开始变得非常咄咄逼人。”。一位前Putnam的职员补充道:“Lasser对1999年的基金销售感到失望。你可以感受到跟上竞争的压力。”
Indeed. In early 2000 Putnam launched an all-out assault on the retail front. In January the firm introduced Putnam New Century Growth Fund, an aggressive-growth product with a strong emphasis on New Economy companies. It grew to $1 billion within a few weeks. In June, three months after Nasdaq peaked, Putnam launched its first pure technology fund.
The cash started to flow. Putnam reported $17.5 billion in net mutual fund sales for 2000, trailing only Janus and Vanguard. Overall, the firm's assets peaked at $420 billion in August, up from $391 billion at the start of the year.
虽然其他增长基金经理在2001年上半年退出了新的经济股,但Putnam投资组合管理人员留了课程。“普特南比大多数人慢得多,以调整新经济不淘汰的想法,”竞争对手解释道。“积极的成长使他们提供了它们,以至于他们认为他们只是遇到了在路上的凹凸。”
例如,Putnam OTC新兴增长基金(Emerging Growth fund)在2001年全年对JDS Uniphase等光纤公司的投资一直在翻番。”我们在舞会上呆得太久了,因为我们的技术权重太大了,”一位前普特南高管感叹道。
到2001年底,年轻的技术基金已经失去了40%。新的机会下降了30%,普南奥茨新兴增长基金陷入了46%,进入晨星排名540增长基金。那一年的投资者将45亿美元的价格从Putnam中拉了45亿美元。只有Janus和Morgan Stanley看到更大的流出。
咨询师格林沃尔德(Greenwald)表示:“你可能会认为,像Janus这样的动量型公司会陷入这场科技泡沫,但对于Putnam这样一家纪律严明、多种产品的商店来说,倒闭是一种震惊。”
朝向2001年底,由令人沮丧的展示,裂缝命令对公司的投资流程进行全面审查。随着裂谷评估的产品阵容和普通组织的绩效轨道记录,他得出结论,该公司载有太多的增长基金,股票拣货机已经填充了他们的投资组合,远远过多的新经济名称并持续到它们太长。
拉塞尔还加强了风险控制。旨在防止投资组合过于集中于任何一种证券或部门的分析软件,大约从1998年就开始使用,成为所有投资组合经理必须使用的工具。拉瑟给他的投资团队传达的信息很简单:别再为篱笆而摇摆了。单身汉也行。
10月,拉塞尔将弗格森降职,让他成为一个无定形的“战略和行政”角色。随后,拉塞尔将霍尔德曼与曾任弗格森(Ferguson)副首席信息官的史蒂芬•奥里斯塔格里奥(Stephen Oristaglio)一起任命为投资联席主管。虽然两人一直在密切合作,霍尔德曼,从一开始就很清楚,将是拉塞尔的得力助手,在他的运动,以挽救普特南。
霍尔德曼鼓舞了士气,尤其是在那些欣赏他作为一名基金经理经验的投资专业人士中。尽管拉瑟很有才华,但他从未管理过投资组合。弗格森也没有。”一位Putnam投资组合经理表示:“有人负责投资,实际上是在管理资金,这让人耳目一新。”霍尔德曼说我们的语言。他知道怎样才能成功。”
霍尔德曼的第一步行动之一是改变普特南投资专业人士的薪酬方式。今年早些时候,霍尔德曼通知投资团队,从2003年底起,奖金将发放给投资集团,而不是个人员工。这种方法应该会促进更大的团队合作,但也可能会减少人员配置。如果一个团队能够用更少的人来管理,那么幸存者可以在奖金池中获得更大的份额。”在Putnam,“一位内部人士解释道,”一位首席信息官在任何特定资产类别上的成功,不知何故等同于有多少人向他们报告。霍尔德曼正试图扭转这种局面。”
在另一个关键举措中,霍尔德曼处理了投资团队中受损最严重的领域——专业增长,该领域管理进取型和小盘股产品。在过去十年的大部分时间里,团队由丹尼尔·米勒和埃里克·韦特劳夫领导,他们在表现恶化的情况下仍享有相当大的自主权。Haldeman将specialty growth置于Justin Scott的监管之下,他曾担任核心股权的首席信息官。
霍尔德曼也在传递这样一个信息:他希望加强普特南的投资文化,使投资组合经理感到更投入和更受赞赏。正如Putnam的一位员工所说,“Haldeman进来告诉投资组合亚慱体育app怎么下载经理放松,享受管理资金的过程。”
After interviewing key employees, Haldeman realized that as the New Economy bubble grew larger, portfolio managers were too often ignoring their own analysts' research. So last month he replaced William Landes as head of research and brought in Joshua Brooks, the value equity CIO at his old firm, Delaware Investments. Brooks takes on a clear mandate to improve communication between analysts and portfolio managers.
当然,拉塞尔和霍尔德曼已经迈出了扭转局面的第一步,着手恢复普特南这么多年来一直为之服务的投资纪律。这是至关重要的,因为没有更强大的表现,基金经理永远无法恢复。
当然,并非只有普特南一家在熊市遭遇“罪过”。在如今艰难的市场环境下,许多共同基金公司正在重新思考自己的经营方式。但很少有人比78岁的普特南投资公司(Putnam Investments)及其60岁的首席执行官更感到紧迫感。
秘密接班计划?
普特南投资公司(Putnam Investments)新任投资联席主管埃德•哈尔德曼(Ed Haldeman)一直担任首席执行官拉里•拉瑟(Larry Lasser)的得力助手。他也可能是拉塞尔的继任者。
两人都拒绝了采访要求。拉瑟通过一位发言人指出,他的合同将延长到2005年底。这位发言人补充说,他没有向霍尔德曼提供首席执行官的头衔。但内部消息告诉我们亚博赞助欧冠that Haldeman and Lasser have an understanding: The top job at Putnam is Haldeman's to lose. The 17-person board of Marsh & McLennan Cos., led by chairman and CEO Jeffrey Greenberg, will make the final decision.
哈尔德曼是费城人,毕业于达特茅斯学院,他在哈佛大学获得工商管理硕士和法学博士学位,在这两所研究生院都名列全班前10%。1972年,他加入了总部位于费城的价值股票精品公司Cooke&Bieler,担任分析师。”Ed Haldeman有正直和真正的职业道德,”Robert Arthur说,他是Cooke&Bieler执行委员会的联合主席,Cooke&Bieler于1994年成为联合资产管理公司的附属公司。1998年,霍尔德曼出任UAM总裁兼首席执行官诺顿•雷默(Norton Reamer)的副手。
然后在2000年1月,霍尔德曼跳槽成为陷入困境的特拉华投资公司(Delaware Investments)的首席执行官,在美国历史上最大的牛市期间,特拉华投资公司不知何故在流失资产。由于糟糕的投资组合表现,特拉华州的资产总额在1996年底达到400亿美元,1997年至2000年间净流出140亿美元。
On the job for just a few months, Haldeman recruited a 24-person fixed-income team, a contrarian gambit when Nasdaq was riding high. That decision, along with some staff changes, has paid off handsomely. Delaware attracted $2 billion in net inflows in 2002.
当Lasser首次接近Haldeman Joining Putnam时,Haldeman抵抗,主要是因为他不想离开他的家乡。最终,首席执行官发出了太甜蜜的抗拒。根据可靠的来源,在未来18个月内,Haldeman的赔偿套餐可在未来18个月内达到2500万美元。--R.B。