此内容来自:意见
失效的分配者的自白
He spent years investing for public pension systems. Now that he’s leaving for the private sector, he tells all.
3月13日,星期五,下午12:00,在我递交离职通知不到一周后,我们的首席信息官在会议桌旁给我们打电话,告诉我们一些消息。
他说,由于当时冠状病毒的迅速传播,TMRS将立即关闭所有非必要工人的大门。
The investment team would be working from home indefinitely.
And just like that, I had a half-day to pack up my personal effects and say goodbye. It wasn’t my last day on the job, but it would be my last day in the office. The reality that I would be leaving the security of a government job — and all the benefits that entails — in an increasingly uncertain time suddenly became very real.
作为一个有三个孩子的父亲,我想知道是否要放弃那份稳定的工作、优厚的医疗福利(现在,是所有时候)和一份有保障的退休福利bet on myself真是个好主意。在一个创业的环境中,我不会有很多以前拥有的优势,但我也不会有任何实质性的挑战。
这是我很乐意做的交易。
说清楚一点,我非常感谢我在公共养老金部门所拥有的机会。一路走来,我与一些伟大的人共事,结识了世界上一些最优秀的投资者,同时将数十亿美元分配到不同的投资选择上——我可能会补充说,这会带来可观的回报!-所有这些都是为了促进社会福利,即帮助数十万公务员退休。我母亲是一位退休教育家,这一事实使这个目标非常真实和个人化。很难想象在私营部门也能如此迅速地积累类似数量的责任和经验。
However, life in the public sector can also be frustrating — extremely frustrating.
许多机构在没有充分理解的情况下,为自己的投资成功设置了巨大的障碍。我常常感觉自己在和迈克尔·菲尔普斯比赛时,腰上绑着一个锚。
当然,一些美国公共养老金已经演变成效率很高,经营得很好的商业投资企业— because they understand what they are. Typically, 65 to 80 percent of the value of retirement benefits paid out by public pensions comes from investment gains. Any enterprise is what it actually does, not what it promises to do. Making a promise to provide a paycheck in the future creates a liability. How you fulfill that promise is what you are, and for a pension fund, investing is how it does that.
别搞错了:养老基金是一家投资公司。是的,这是一个非营利性的公共机构,但投资是该机构的核心竞争力——或者更准确地说,如果它要在长期内保持偿付能力,就必须是这样。
不幸的是,许多计划仍然停留在纯粹的政府机构的思维模式。他们相信自己是老板。一个层次化的命令和控制体系结构要求文件必须以某种方式填写,需要选中特定的框(无一例外!),委员会需要召集,合适的人必须在每件事上签字。一次投资最多可能有7个人,其中可能没有人有任何投资经验。
所有这些都需要时间-大量的时间-和精力,经常损害实际的投资工作。听着,过程当然重要,但是real过程。不是忙活。当你申请驾照时,填写文件和完成内部流程是唯一重要的事情。但是表格和橡皮图章并不能增加投资决策的价值。
一个很好的比喻是救生员。假设救生员只有两项功能可以执行——以15分钟为增量填写详细的时间表,并扫描海滨。事实上,如果他们整天都在工作表上,他们实际上并没有做好自己的工作。你想让那些救生员尽可能多地观察游泳者。
公共养老金投资专业人士花了太多的时间和精力在工作上。内部官僚机构大概占了我这个小团队总工作时间的25%。
And it’s not about being lazy or unwilling to work hard. Consider, for example, an in-demand fund that had been in process for some time and finally created capacity — but required one month for work to be finished up before closing. Every week needed for internal paperwork, presentations, and hoop-jumping, well, that meant one less week of actual due diligence and investment debate. Or maybe we would have just passed on the manager, which is also suboptimal as it’s often the best-performing managers that require the most flexible processes.
这会适得其反。这不仅仅是一种观点。研究表明尽职调查对替代品的影响对回报是有意义的。在做决定前花更多的时间做实际的研究会产生更高的回报,而且回报的分散性越大,效果就越明显。得到批准的决定不应该占用有限的员工这么多时间。
分级治理当然不是任何投资策略的理想选择,但对于一个简单的60/40公开市场方法来说,它的危害可能更小。在这个投资组合中,回报的分散性要低得多,执行过程也不那么手工和劳动密集。一旦做出战略决策没有什么是最好的. (这也更便宜,而且需要的投资人员要少得多,这对机构来说无疑是适当的考虑。)
然而,如果一个公共养老金机构决定采用替代方案,那么官僚治理结构尤其有害。私人股本公司的高层管理者和底层管理者之间的差距是公共股本公司的十倍。不管怎样,大量的学术研究表明,董事会受托人保留经理人选择权的养老金表现不如那些将自由裁量权委托给合格员工的基金(参见在这里,在这里,and在这里例如)。
你看,这是一个以知识为基础的行业,是一种技术职业。研究什么有效,什么无效,事实上有最佳实践,或者至少明确地说是更好的。许多养老金机构需要听取研究报告,即使这种谈话对那些根深蒂固的官僚权威来说是一种不舒服的谈话。
A fiduciary dutyof care isn’t doing whatever makes you comfortable; it’s making the best decision for your beneficiaries, even if that is hard and uncomfortable. And good governance is not doing whatever you want because it is fun or interesting; it’s implementing the structures and processes most likely to lead to the best results, even if they’re not necessarily what you want to do.
这需要有意识地设计治理和管理,从授权到流程,再到执行和人员配置。最后一部分很关键。如果您的流程没有合适的人员,或者流程没有合适的人员,那么您就有失败的风险。
我们都知道,如果一家体育特许经营公司雇佣了一位具有某种理念的教练,但总经理在招募球员时却完全忽视了这一点,会发生什么。像新英格兰爱国者队和圣安东尼奥马刺队这样的王朝几十年来做了完全相反的事情,赋予他们的教练人事决策权,我们知道结果。
没有一家医院会让一名税务律师负责手术室的操作,并将神经外科医生的专业建议视为自私自利。这可能会造成巨大的责任。
No town hires a fire chief but prevents him from fighting a fire until a council comprising the mayor, an accountant from the budgetary office, a judge, and the school superintendent can convene and approve his recommendations. That’s what standard operating procedures are for!
那么,为什么我们仍要以这种方式投资近5万亿美元的国家和地方养老金,而这些资金往往被大量分配给其他选择呢?
This old governance structure doesn’t work in investing, which is why private sector investment firms — and truthfully, most public pensions outside of the States — don’t operate this way anymore. Markets don’t care who you are, or if you are the government. They operate according to their own time frame. You see, Mr. Market is the boss, not any of us.
成功的投资需要理解市场就像海洋:既不好也不坏,但强大而无情。如果你拒绝屈服于海浪的权威,并试图与之抗争,你肯定会被击碎在岩石上,留下殴打和瘀伤。
只有当你屈服于海浪的力量,你才能成功地驾驭它们,让它们带你去任何地方。诀窍是找出他们的节奏和方向。当然,这不是一件容易的事,但你首先必须接受它不是关于权力、权威或其他任何东西。这是关于谦逊、责任感和绩效的——几乎是政府官僚作风的对立面。
市场会为你设定最后期限,不管你喜不喜欢。而绩效将决定治理的有效性。这是对政府心态的挑战。流程是驱动性能的因素,但性能最终决定了流程是否有效。如果它不起作用,这个过程就必须改变。即使它是工作,它可能会变得更好。
责任意味着拥有that mindset, as opposed to believing change is tantamount to an admission of failure. The reality is that refusing to change is a guarantee of failure — again, particularly for alternatives. They are called “alternatives” — not “sames” — for a reason.
最后,与绩效挂钩的薪酬也是协调利益和拥有成果的关键组成部分。在替代品中,收益的较高分散性意味着出现好结果和坏结果的概率较高。而更多的尽职调查是一贯区分两者的唯一手段。
现在,投资专业人士意识到,他们已经承担了经理推荐的下行风险。他们有足够的经验来理解雇佣一个破产的对冲基金,或分配给一个以欺诈告终的私募股权基金的后果。
Turns out you actually can be fired, and possibly sued.
Perhaps that’s why the vast majority of the instances of malfeasance and pay-to-play in our industry have been not from investment staff, but rather from trustees and executive directors. They don’t know what they don’t know.
Though variable compensation may well be self-serving, not having it in place for alternatives creates a huge, warped incentive. Why would people choose to work 20 or 30 more hours every week than they have to? Particularly if they’re not getting compensated for it and have the career risk of wider dispersion of returns?
答案是:他们可能不会很久。
他们会停止做这么多工作,只是开始πcking managers based on less research, effectively shooting from the hip. Or they may just start hiring bigger, safer managers with lower dispersion of returns. As the saying goes, you never get fired for hiring IBM. Plus, they can cut their workload in half. The problem is, most研究表明that returns go down substantially when that compromise is made.
或者,如果他们不想做出妥协,他们通常会离开。
I know that I will probably be working longer hours now than I was in the past. But doing less was never the goal. Back to my earlier lifeguard analogy: I will get to spend much more of my time watching the water. Not only is that the best part of the job, but it’s what drives performance, particularly in alternatives.
它也是觉得再次感受到一些控制感。当然,如果我表现不佳,我可以被解雇,但我总是可能已经过了。现在客户可以离开,如果我们不做我们的工作,我知道筹集资产并不容易开始,这确实会使失败的风险变得更加真实。
但我确实可以直接参与投资的最终决策,并对整个公司的流程产生重大影响。过程驱动结果。这意味着,如果我能为公司创造更多的价值,并最终为我们的客户创造更多的价值,我也能在财务上为我的家庭做得更好。
现在的薪酬将主要由我的工作质量和真正老板市场先生的意见来决定,而不是建立在武断的规则之上。如果我们的投资表现出色,我最终会得到一些好处。是的,这是不可否认的自私自利,但我们没有人免费工作。我又掌握了自己的命运。
The chance to remove bureaucratic elements of the investment process, to learn and innovate across alternatives and go where opportunities exist while aligning interests and outcomes for myself, my firm, and my clients is exciting. I can achieve what my firm and my clients believe I am capable of, rather than what a bureaucracy allows me to.
如果我失败了,我就失败了。但如果我做对了,如果我们真的能利用海浪的力量-或者风,视情况而定— to generate superior returns for our clients, then we will all do better.
这正是为什么我仍然比紧张兴奋得多。我愿意打赌。
我也期待着不用再填写时间表了。